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The Channel Physiology of the Skin

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Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 163

Part of the book series: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology ((REVIEWS,volume 163))

Abstract

During embryonic development, the skin, the largest organ of the human body, and nervous system are both derived from the neuroectoderm. Consequently, several key factors and mechanisms that influence and control central or peripheral nervous system activities are also present and hence involved in various regulatory mechanisms of the skin. Apparently, this is the case for the ion and non-ion selective channels as well. Therefore, in this review, we shall focus on delineating the regulatory roles of the channels in skin physiology and pathophysiology. First, we introduce key cutaneous functions and major characteristics of the channels in question. Then, we systematically detail the involvement of a multitude of channels in such skin processes (e.g. skin barrier formation, maintenance, and repair, immune mechanisms, exocrine secretion) which are mostly defined by cutaneous non-neuronal cell populations. Finally, we close by summarizing data suggesting that selected channels are also involved in skin diseases such as e.g. atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, non-melanoma cancers and malignant melanoma, genetic and autoimmune diseases, etc., as well as in skin ageing.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

5-Hydroxytryptamine

ACh:

Acethylcholine

ACTH:

Corticotropin

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

AML:

Antimicrobial lipid

AMP:

Antimicrobial peptide

AMPA(R):

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (receptor)

AQP:

Aquaporin

ATP:

Adenosine-5′- triphosphate

BCC:

Basal cell carcinoma

BK:

Large conductance Ca2+-activated K+-channel

Cav :

L-type voltage-gated Ca2+-channels

[Ca2+]e :

Extracellular Ca2+-concentration

[Ca2+]i :

Intracellular Ca2+-concentration

CCL:

Chemokine ligand

CGRP:

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

ChAT:

Choline-acetyltransferase

CNG channels:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CRH:

Corticotropin releasing hormone

CVI:

Chronic venous insufficiency

Cx:

Connexin

CXCL:

CXC chemokine ligand

CXCR:

CXC chemokine ligand receptor

DD:

Darier’s disease (keratosis follicularis)

DMBA:

Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ENaC:

Amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

HS:

Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa)

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

IK1:

Intermediate conductance KCa

IL:

Interleukin

I-RTX:

5′-Iodoresiniferatoxin

K2P :

Two-pore K+-channels

KCa :

Ca2+-activated K+-channels

Kir :

Inward rectifier K+-channels

LPS:

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide

mAChR:

Muscarinic acethylcholine receptor

mGluR:

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

MMP-1:

Matrix metalloproteinase-1

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

nAChR:

Nicotinic acethylcholine receptor

Nav :

Voltage-gated Na+-channels

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NHEK:

Normal human epidermal keratincyte

NK-1 (receptor):

Neurokinin-1 (receptor)

NMDA(R):

N-methyl-D-aspartate (receptor)

NMF(s):

Natural moisturizing factor(s)

NO:

Nitric oxide

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

PG:

Prostaglandin

PPP:

Palmoplantar pustulosis

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma

SLURP-1:

Secreted mammalian Ly-6/uPAR-related protein 1

SP:

Substance P

str.:

Stratum (layer)

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TRH:

Thyreotropin releasing hormone

TRP:

Transient receptor potential

TRPA:

“Ankyrin” subfamily of the TRP channels

TRPC:

“Canonical” or “classical” subfamily of the TRP channels

TRPM:

“Melastatin” subfamily of the TRP channels

TRPML:

“Mucolipin” subfamily of the TRP channels

TRPP:

“Polycystin” subfamily of the TRP channels

TRPV:

“Vanilloid” subfamily of the TRP channels

TSH:

Thyreotropin

TSW:

Avène thermal spring water

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Hungarian (LP2011-003/2011, TÁMOP 4.2.1./B-09/1/KONV-2010-0007, TÁMOP 4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0025, OTKA 78398 and 101761) and EU (FP7-REGPOT-2008-1/229920) research grants.

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  1. DE-MTA “Lendület” Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary

    Attila Oláh, Attila Gábor Szöllősi & Tamás Bíró

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  1. Attila Oláh
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  2. Attila Gábor Szöllősi
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  3. Tamás Bíró
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Correspondence to Tamás Bíró .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lab. Fysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium

    Bernd Nilius

  2. School of Medicine, Deptartment of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Fifth Avenue 3501, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, USA

    Susan G. Amara

  3. Medizinische Fakultät, Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologi, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestr. 33, München, 80336, Germany

    Thomas Gudermann

  4. Abt. Neurobiologie, MPI für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany

    Reinhard Jahn

  5. Inst. Zytobiologie und, Zytopathologie, Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 5, Marburg, 35033, Germany

    Roland Lill

  6. , Abteilung II, Max-Planck-Institut für Herz- und Lungen, Ludwigstr. 43, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany

    Stefan Offermanns

  7. School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave., Cardiff, CF10 3US, United Kingdom

    Ole H. Petersen

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Oláh, A., Szöllősi, A.G., Bíró, T. (2012). The Channel Physiology of the Skin. In: Nilius, B., et al. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 163. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 163. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/112_2012_7

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