Abstract
When analyzing child domestic work, should one focus on the potential and actual exploitation and abuse due to the difference in age, wealth, status, and power between the child and the employer, or should one focus on the potential and actual provision of shelter, food, clothing, salary, skills, social capital, and maybe even an education? Policies on child domestic work are based on potential risks, resonating with and building upon an ideal middle-class childhood of the minority world. In this critical chapter, it is argued that without thoroughly analyzing the geographical context of child domestic work, i.e., the local cultures and living standards of children and youth who are recruited into domestic work, policies will not be relevant for the people they are meant to help. As long as children’s basic needs are not fulfilled in the household of their parent(s) or other guardians, one should not deny children the opportunity to seek better conditions in someone else’s household. However, academics and policy makers have a responsibility to ensure effective regulation and monitoring of child domestic workers’ work conditions. Much can also be done by NGOs and employers to further expand access for child workers to schools and alternative spaces of learning, such as drop-in centers for child domestic workers, where not only literacy and numeracy but also health, life skills, and vocational skills are being taught.
Portions of this chapter also appeared in “Space-time geography of female live-in child domestic workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh” (Children’s Geographies, Vol. 12(2), pp. 154–169) by Kari B. Jensen, 2014.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abebe, T. (2007). Changing livelihoods, changing childhoods: Patterns of children’s work in rural southern Ethiopia. Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2), 77–93.
Aitken, S. (2001). Geographies of young people: The morally contested spaces of identity. London: Routledge.
Aitken, S., Lund, R., & Kjørholt, A. T. (2007). Why children? Why now? Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2), 3–14.
Anderson, B. (2000). Doing the dirty work? The global politics of domestic labour. London: Zed Books.
Ansell, N. (2005). Children, youth, and development. New York: Routledge.
Ansell, N. (2009). Childhood and the politics of scale: Descaling children’s geographies? Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 190–209.
Bales, K. (2005). Understanding global slavery: A reader. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bissell, S. (2001). Young garment workers in Bangladesh: Raising the rights question. Development, 44, 75–80.
Blagbrough, J. (2008). Child domestic labour: A modern form of slavery. Children & Society, 22(3), 179–190.
Blagbrough, J. (2012). Child domestic workers: Protected persons or modern-day slaves? Global Dialogue, 14(2). http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=537
Blagbrough, J., & Glynn, E. (1999). Child domestic workers: Characteristics of the modern slave and approaches to ending such exploitation. Childhoods, 6(1), 51–56.
Blanchet, T. (1996). Lost innocence, stolen childhoods. Dhaka: University Press Limited.
Bourdillon, M. (2006a). Children at work: A review of current literature and debates. Development and Change, 37(6), 1201–1226.
Bourdillon, M. (2006b). Child domestic workers in Zimbabwe. Harare: Weaver Press.
Bourdillon, M. (2009). Children as domestic employees: Problems and promises. Journal of Children and Poverty, 15(1), 1–18.
Camacho, A. (1999). Family, child labour and migration: Child domestic workers in metro Manila. Childhood, 6(1), 57–73.
CIA. (2014). The World Factbook: Bangladesh. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
Delap, E. (2001). Economic and cultural forces in the child labour debate: Evidence from urban Bangladesh. The Journal of Development Studies, 37, 1–22.
Duffy, M. (2007). Doing the dirty work: Gender, race, and reproductive labor in historical perspective. Gender and Society, 21(3), 313–336.
Dyson, J. (2014). Working childhoods: Youth agency and the environment in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
England, K. V. L., & Stiell, B. (1997). ‘They think you’re as stupid as your English is’: Constructing foreign domestic workers in Toronto. Environment and Planning A, 29(2), 195–215.
Fistula Foundation (2014a). Bangladesh. https://www.fistulafoundation.org/countries-we-help/bangladesh/. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
Fistula Foundation (2014b). Fistula facts and frequently asked questions. https://www.fistulafoundation.org/what-is-fistula/fast-facts-faq/. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
Gamlin, J., Camacho, A. Z., Ong, M., & Hesketh, T. (2015). Is domestic work a worst form of child labour? The findings of a six-country study of the psychosocial effects of child domestic work. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), 212–225.
Heissler, K. (2013). Rethinking ‘trafficking’ in children’s migratory processes: The role of social networks in child labour migration in Bangladesh. Children’s Geographies, 11(1), 89–101.
Hoque, M. (Ed.) (1995). Child domestic work in Dhaka: A study of the exploitative situation. Dhaka: Save the Children Fund Australia, Dhaka, in collaboration with Anti-slavery international, London.
ILO. (2006). Baseline survey on child domestic labour (CDL) in Bangladesh. Dhaka: ILO/IPEC.
ILO-IPEC. (2013a). Child domestic work: Global estimates 2012. http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/download.do?type=document&id=23235. Accessed 19 May 2015.
ILO-IPEC. (2013b). Marking progress against child labour: Global estimates and trends 2000–2012. Governance and tripartism department, ILO, Geneva. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_221513.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2015.
Invernizzi, A. (2003). Street working children and adolescents in Lima: Work as an agent of socialization. Childhood, 10(3), 319–341.
IREWOC. (2010). The worst forms of child labour in Asia: Main findings from Bangladesh and Nepal. http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/3990.pdf. Accessed 21 May 2015.
Jennings, J., Aitken, A., Estrade, S. L., & Fernandez, A. (2006). Learning and earning: Relational scales of children’s work. Area, 38(3), 231–239.
Jensen, K. B. (2007). Opportunities for agency and social participation among child domestic workers in Bangladesh. Children, Youth, and Environments, 17(1), 148–170.
Jensen, K. B. (2013). Child slavery and fish processing in Bangladesh. Focus on Geography, 56(2), 54–65.
Jensen, K. B. (2014). Space-time geography of female live-in child domestic workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Children’s Geographies, 12(2), 154–169.
Katz, C. (2004). Growing up global: Economic restructuring and children’s everyday lives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Keklik, H. T. (2006). ‘As if she is family’: The marginalization of unpaid household workers in Turkey. Gender and Development, 14(2), 191–198.
Kesby, M., Gwanzura-Ottemoller, F., & Chizororo, M. (2006). Theorising other, ‘other childhoods’: Issues emerging from work on HIV in urban and rural Zimbabwe. Children’s Geographies, 4(2), 185–202.
Khair, S. (2004). Child domestic workers in Dhaka city: Situation analysis. Dhaka: ILO, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), Project on preventing and eliminating the worst forms of child labour in selected formal and informal sectors.
Kjørholt, A. T. (2007). Childhood as a symbolic space: Searching for authentic voices in the era of globalization. Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2), 29–42.
Klocker, N. (2011). Negotiating change: Working with children and their employers to transform child domestic work in Iringa, Tanzania. Children’s Geographies, 9(2), 205–220.
Liebel, M. (2004). A will of their own: Cross-cultural perspectives on working children. New York: Zed.
Lund, R. (2007). At the interface of development studies and child research: Rethinking the participating child. Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2), 131–148.
Mattingly, D. (2001). The home and the world: Domestic service and international networks of caring labor. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91(2), 370–386.
McKinney, K. (2014). ‘Hybrid cottonseed production is children’s work’: Making sense of migration and wage labor in Western India. ACME, 13(2), 404–423.
Momen, M. A. (1993). Case studies on abuse and exploitation of children in domestic service in Bangladesh (Dhaka city). Dhaka: Bangladesh Shishu Adhikar Forum – BSAF.
Myers, W. (2001). The right rights? Child labor in a globalizing world. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 575, 38–55.
Nieuwenhuys, O. (2000). The household economy in the commercial exploitation of children’s work: The case of Kerala. In B. Schlemmer (Ed.), The exploited child (pp. 278–291). London: Zed.
Nieuwenhuys, O. (2007). Embedding the global womb: Global child labour and the new policy agenda. Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2), 149–163.
Pelham, L. (2014). Enslaved abroad, oppressed at home: Modern slavery in Bangladesh. New York Times, 29 Oct. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/opinion/linka-pelham-modern-slavery-in-bangladesh.html?_r=2. Accessed 26 May 2015.
Pflug, B. (2002). An overview of child domestic workers in Asia. http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/pflug_2002_overview_of_child_domestic_workers_in_asia_7.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2015.
Plan and ICDDR, B. (2013). Child marriage in Bangladesh: Findings from a national survey. http://plan-international.org/files/Asia/publications/national-survey-on-child-marriage-by-plan-bangladesh-and-icddr-b. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
Pratt, G. (2012). Families apart: Migrant mothers and the conflicts of labor and love. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Radcliffe, S. (1990). Ethnicity, patriarchy and corporation into the nation: Female migrants as domestic servants in Peru. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 8(4), 379–398.
Rahman, H. (1995). Child domestic workers: Is servitude the only option? Dhaka: Shoishab.
RCS. (1999). Prevailing opinion and attitude towards child domestic workers. Dhaka: RCS for UNICEF.
Robson, E. (2004). Hidden child workers: Young carers in Zimbabwe. Antipode, 36(2), 227–248.
Rubenson, B., van Anh, N. T., Hojer, B., & Johansson, E. (2004). Child domestic servants in Hanoi: Who are they and how do they fare? The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 11, 391–407.
Save the Children Sweden Denmark. (2010). Living inside room outside law: A study on child domestic worker and the role of government and civil society. Dhaka: Save the Children Sweden Denmark.
Seabrook, J. (2001). Children of other worlds: Exploitation in the global market. London: Pluto Press.
Shoishab. (1999). A quantitative study on child domestic workers in Dhaka metropolitan city. Dhaka: Shoishab.
Shoishab. (2001). Case study on child domestic workers of Dhaka Metropolitan City. Dhaka: Shoishab.
Skelton, T. (2007). Children, young people, UNICEF, and participation. Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2), 165–181.
Staff Correspondent (2005, July 23). Domestic help steals valuables worth Tk 8 lakh. The Daily Star. http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/07/23/d50723061974.htm. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
Sur, M. (2003). Reflections on child rights and realities. In H. Hossain (Ed.), Human rights in Bangladesh 2002 (pp. 237–252). Dhaka: Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK).
Tambo, I. G. (2014). Child domestic work in Nigeria: Conditions of socialisation and measures of intervention. Münster: Waxmann Verlag GmbH.
Thanh Mai, L. (2010). Competing approaches to child domestic work in Asian developing countries: Evidence from the case study in Vietnam. Journal of the Graduate School of the Asia-Pacific Studies, 19(5), 189–216.
UNDP. (2014). Resilient Bangladesh: UNDP Bangladesh annual report 2013–2014. http://www.bd.undp.org/content/dam/bangladesh/docs/Publications/Pub-2014/UNDP%20annual%20report%202013%20to%202014%20FINAL%20ONLINE%20VERSION.PDF. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
UNESCO. (2014). Education: Literacy rate. http://data.uis.unesco.org. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
UNICEF. (2004). Situation analysis of child domestic workers in Dhaka city. Dhaka: UNICEF Bangladesh.
UNICEF. (2013a). Bangladesh statistics. Updated 18 Dec 2013. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
UNICEF. (2013b). Improving child nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/gambia/Improving_Child_Nutrition_-_the_achievable_imperative_for_global_progress.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2014.
UNICEF. (2014a). Ending child marriage: Progress and prospects. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Child_Marriage_Report_7_17_LR..pdf. Accessed 14 June 2015.
UNICEF. (2014b). Global initiative on out-of-school children: South Asia regional study, covering Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. http://www.unicef.org/education/files/SouthAsia_OOSCI_Study__Executive_Summary_26Jan_14Final.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2014
Ward, K., Rahman, F., Islam, A. K. M. S., Akhter, R., & Kamal, N. (2004). The effects of global economic restructuring on urban women’s work and income-generating strategies in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Critical Sociology, 30(1), 63–102.
White, S. C. (1992). Arguing with the crocodile: Gender and class in Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press Limited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Jensen, K.B. (2017). Learning Skills, Building Social Capital, and Getting an Education: Actual and Potential Advantages of Child Domestic Work in Bangladesh. In: Abebe, T., Waters, J. (eds) Laboring and Learning. Geographies of Children and Young People, vol 10. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-032-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-032-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-031-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-032-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences