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Random Spot Urine Markers for Kidney and Their Applications

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Biomarkers in Kidney Disease

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Abstract

Over the few last decades, several additional urinary biomarkers have been correlated to other organ or system abnormalities other than kidney disease. In this setting, abnormal findings on a routine urinalysis, often in an otherwise asymptomatic patient, may be the first evidence of underlying kidney disease and even other diseases or conditions like a higher cardiovascular risk set.

A 24-h urine evaluation is still considered the gold standard method for the quantification of important urinary biomarkers like proteinuria. Nevertheless, its collection is laborious and entails significant errors that could compromise the accuracy of this method. Therefore, random spot urine assessment was developed to estimate quantitative measurements of 24-h collections. Many trials have been conducted to determine which formulae (correction for other parameters) and methods (including voiding of the day or technical procedures) are better to minimize sources of false results and enhance correlation with the gold standard. Currently, random spot urine examination is already mentioned in some international guidelines as an alternative analysis to diagnose and monitor several diseases. It allows the identification of multiple markers, which can be organized into three groups, according to their laboratory method assessment: physical, chemical, and microscopic characters. However, evidence regarding its role and power is still not unanimous, at least in some diseases, and future trials to prove how best to apply it are needed.

This review outlines random spot urine biomarkers for the kidney and their applications in clinical practice.

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Abbreviations

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

ATN:

Acute tubular necrosis

Ca:

Calcium

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

CuSO4 :

Copper sulfate

DBDH:

Diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide

DIDNTB:

bis(3′,3″-Diiodo-4′,4″-dihydroxy-5′,5″-dinitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-sulfonephthalein

eAER:

Estimated albumin excretion rate

ESRD:

End-stage renal disease

FCU:

Fractional renal clearance of urate

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

GN:

Glomerulonephritis

INTERSALT:

International study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure

IRMA-2:

Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria

K:

Potassium

KDIGO:

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes

LE:

Leukocyte esterase

LN:

Lupus nephritis

MESNA:

Mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium

Mg:

Magnesium

Na:

Sodium

P/C:

Protein/creatinine ratio

Ph:

Phosphate

PREVEND:

Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease

RBCs:

Red blood cells

SG:

Specific gravity

SGLT2:

Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2

SLC5A2:

Solute carrier family 5

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SNP:

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

SSA:

Sulfosalicylic acid

STENO-2:

Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes

TMB:

3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine

UACR:

Urinary albumin/protein ratio

UTI:

Urinary tract infection

WBCs:

White blood cells

Zn:

Zinc

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra – Hospital dos Covões, Quinta dos Vales, 3041-801 S. Martinho do Bispo, 3041-801, Coimbra, Portugal

    Maria Guedes-Marques, Carlos Botelho, Pedro Maia, Teresa Mendes & Armando Carreira

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  1. Maria Guedes-Marques
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  2. Carlos Botelho
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  3. Pedro Maia
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  4. Teresa Mendes
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  5. Armando Carreira
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Correspondence to Maria Guedes-Marques .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. DeptofBiomedlSci,FacltyofSci&Technology, University of Westminster , London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Guedes-Marques, M., Botelho, C., Maia, P., Mendes, T., Carreira, A. (2016). Random Spot Urine Markers for Kidney and Their Applications. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Kidney Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7699-9_24

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