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Snake Venom Protease Inhibitors: Enhanced Identification, Expanding Biological Function, and Promising Future

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Snake Venoms

Part of the book series: Toxinology ((TOXI))

Abstract

Homeostasis of the body’s biochemical reactions is maintained by the balance of specific proteases and their counterparts, protease inhibitors. Snake venom protease inhibitors disrupt this balance and are thereby utilized by snakes as weapons to prey on other animals. Snake venom protease inhibitors primarily disrupt blood coagulation and blood pressure regulation. The resulting blood loss, blood clotting, or hypotension leads to immobilization or death of the prey.

This review describes the protease inhibitors that are thought to be distributed among many snake species, Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, bradykinin-potentiating peptides, and cystatins. In addition, as many components of snake venoms have diverse functions, the protease inhibitors that share motifs other than the protease inhibitory domains, i.e., phospholipase A2-like proteins and three-finger toxins, are described. The majority of these toxins function as enzymes and neurotoxins, respectively. Finally, recent studies including genome, transcriptome, and proteome analyses have identified protease inhibitor-like proteins as new components of snake venoms; however, none of these have yet been proven to exhibit protease inhibitory activities. In this regard, waprin and Kazal-type protease inhibitor-like proteins will be introduced.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan

    Hidetoshi Inagaki

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  1. Hidetoshi Inagaki
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Correspondence to Hidetoshi Inagaki .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industria, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Hidetoshi Inagaki

  2. University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

    Carl-Wilhelm Vogel

  3. Department of Molecular Biology and Biot, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India

    Ashis K. Mukherjee

  4. Egyptian Society of Natural Toxins and Z, Faculty of Science Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Tarek R. Rahmy

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Inagaki, H. (2017). Snake Venom Protease Inhibitors: Enhanced Identification, Expanding Biological Function, and Promising Future. In: Inagaki, H., Vogel, CW., Mukherjee, A., Rahmy, T. (eds) Snake Venoms. Toxinology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6410-1_16

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