Definition
Graphene nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are devices that consist of single or multilayer graphene which is free to move along the out-of-plane direction and utilize the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene for various applications, such as mass or force sensing.
Overview
Graphene, as the first two-dimensional (2D) materials that can be explicitly prepared, offers both excellent electrical and superior mechanical attributes, both of which are desired for NEMS. Shortly after the first isolation of single-layer graphene in 2004, the field of graphene NEMS was spearheaded by researchers from Cornell University in 2007: they successfully actuated and detected the motion of doubly clamped graphene mechanical resonators. In the following years, advancements in fabrication, signal transduction, and modeling have been expanding the area of graphene NEMS. Applications of...
References
Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., Hone, J.: Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385–388 (2008)
Lee, G.-H., et al.: High-strength chemical-vapor-deposited graphene and grain boundaries. Science 340, 1013–1016 (2013)
Griffith, A.A.: The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 221, 163–198 (1921)
Kim, K.S., et al.: Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457, 706–710 (2009)
Li, X., et al.: Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312–1314 (2009)
Lee, Y., et al.: Wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of graphene films. Nano Lett. 10, 490–493 (2010)
Lee, S., et al.: Electrically integrated su-8 clamped graphene drum resonators for strain engineering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 153101 (2013)
Frank, I., Tanenbaum, D.M., Van der Zande, A., McEuen, P.L.: Mechanical properties of suspended graphene sheets. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 25, 2558–2561 (2007)
Koenig, S.P., Boddeti, N.G., Dunn, M.L., Bunch, J.S.: Ultrastrong adhesion of graphene membranes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 543–546 (2011)
Bunch, J.S., et al.: Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett. 8, 2458–2462 (2008)
Smith, A.D., et al.: Electromechanical piezoresistive sensing in suspended graphene membranes. Nano Lett. 13, 3237–3242 (2013)
Milaninia, K.M., Baldo, M.A., Reina, A., Kong, J.: All graphene electromechanical switch fabricated by chemical vapor deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 183105 (2009)
Liu, X., et al.: Large arrays and properties of 3-terminal graphene nanoelectromechanical switches. Adv. Mater. 26, 1571–1576 (2014)
Chen, C., Hone, J.: Graphene nanoelectromechanical systems. Proc. IEEE 101, 1766–1779 (2013)
Bunch, J.S., et al.: Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science 315, 490–493 (2007)
Chen, C., et al.: Performance of monolayer graphene nanomechanical resonators with electrical readout. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 861–867 (2009)
van der Zande, A.M., et al.: Large-scale arrays of single-layer graphene resonators. Nano Lett. 10, 4869–4873 (2010)
Song, X., et al.: Stamp transferred suspended graphene mechanical resonators for radio frequency electrical readout. Nano Lett. 12, 198–202 (2011)
Xu, Y., et al.: Radio frequency electrical transduction of graphene mechanical resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 243111 (2010)
Atalaya, J., Isacsson, A., Kinaret, J.M.: Continuum elastic modeling of graphene resonators. Nano Lett. 8, 4196–4200 (2008)
Barton, R.A., et al.: High, size-dependent quality factor in an array of graphene mechanical resonators. Nano Lett. 11, 1232–1236 (2011)
Eichler, A., et al.: Nonlinear damping in mechanical resonators made from carbon nanotubes and graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 339–342 (2011)
Singh, V., et al.: Optomechanical coupling between a multilayer graphene mechanical resonator and a superconducting microwave cavity. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 820–824 (2014)
Weber, P., Güttinger, J., Tsioutsios, I., Chang, D., Bachtold, A.: Coupling graphene mechanical resonators to superconducting microwave cavities. Nano Lett. 14, 2854–2860 (2014)
Chaste, J., et al.: A nanomechanical mass sensor with yoctogram resolution. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 301–304 (2012)
Barton, R.A., et al.: Photothermal self-oscillation and laser cooling of graphene optomechanical systems. Nano Lett. 12, 4681–4686 (2012)
Chen, C., et al.: Graphene mechanical oscillators with tunable frequency. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 923–927 (2013)
Song, X., Oksanen, M., Li, J., Hakonen, P.J., Sillanpää, M.A.: Graphene optomechanics realized at microwave frequencies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 021404 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this entry
Cite this entry
Chen, C. (2015). Graphene NEMS. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6178-0_100991-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6178-0_100991-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6178-0
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics