Nanofiltration membranes are characterized by effective pore diameters ranging from ~1 nm to a few nanometers, and most of them acquire an electric charge when brought into contact with a polar medium. The combination of nanometric dimensions pores with electrically charged materials implies that the separation of solutes results from complex mechanisms that may include steric hindrance and Donnan, dielectric, and transport effects.
NF membranes are usually described as a bundle of capillaries with effective structural features (pore size and thickness-to-porosity ratio) and electrical properties such as their effective volume charge density (defined as the number of moles of fixed charges per unit of pore volume). The standard theory of NF is based on a macroscopic description of transport, which is actually a simplified version of the so-called space charge model originally developed by Osterle and co-workers (Morrison and Osterle 1965; Gross and Osterle 1968; Fair and Osterle 1971)....
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Fievet, P. (2016). Nanofiltration (Transport Phenomena). In: Drioli, E., Giorno, L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Membranes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1721
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