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Renale arterielle Verschlusskrankheit

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SpringerReference Innere Medizin

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Zusammenfassung

Die arteriosklerotische Nierenarterienstenose (ANAS), die häufigste Form der Nierenarterienstenose (NAS), kann eine präexistente arterielle Hypertonie bis hin zu rezidivierenden Lungenödemen überwiegend bei bilateralen Stenosen verschlechtern, ist jedoch im Gegensatz zur fibromuskulären Dysplasie des jüngeren Patienten seltener Ursache einer klassischen sekundären Hypertonieform. Sie ist eine zur Progression neigende Erkrankung mit überwiegend ostialer Lokalisation, während die selteneren Formen der NAS bei fibromuskulärer Dysplasie, Arteriitis und externer Kompression in der Regel im distalen Nierenarterienhauptstamm bzw. den Segmentarterien lokalisiert sind. Charakteristisch für den renovaskulären Hochdruck sind hohe diastolische Werte. Die arterielle Hypertonie, aber auch die Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotension-Aldosteron-Systems können zu multiplen Endorganschäden wie linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie mit konsekutiver diastolischer und systolischer Herzinsuffizienz führen. Die farbkodierte Duplexsonographie ist aktuell die am besten geeignete diagnostische Methode, die zwischen hämodynamisch relevanten und nicht relevanten Stenosen unterscheiden kann. Unverändert gilt die selektive arterielle Angiographie als diagnostischer Goldstandard. Die Magnetresonanzangiographie ist wegen der Nichtinvasivität und des Verzichts auf Röntgenstrahlen und Röntgenkontrastmittel sehr populär. Die medikamentöse Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie bei NAS hat Einschränkungen. Bei arteriosklerotischen NAS ist eine konsequente medikamentöse Sekundärprophylaxe mit Senkung des LDL-Spiegels, Nikotinkarenz und HbA1c-Einstellung im Zielbereich notwendig. Therapie der Wahl arteriosklerotischer NAS ist die perkutane transluminale renale Angioplastie mit Einsetzen eines Stents. Indikation zur Revaskularisation besteht bei Patienten mit hämodynamisch relevanter ANAS und rezidivierenden myokardialen Dekompensationen sowie mit sich progressiv verschlechternder Nierenfunktion.

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Zeller, T. (2015). Renale arterielle Verschlusskrankheit. In: Lehnert, H., et al. SpringerReference Innere Medizin. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54676-1_493-1

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