Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aging and Intrinsic Aging: Pathogenesis and Manifestations

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Textbook of Aging Skin

  • 301 Accesses

Abstract

Cutaneous aging is a complex biological phenomenon consisting of two components: intrinsic aging and extrinsic aging. Intrinsic aging is also termed true aging which is an inevitable change attributable to the passage of time alone and is manifested primarily by physiologic alterations with subtle but undoubtedly important consequences for both healthy and diseased skin and is largely genetically determined (Balin and Pratt (Cutis 43(5):431–6, 1989). Extrinsic aging is caused by environmental exposure, primarily to UV light, and more commonly termed photoaging. In sun-exposed areas, photoaging involves changes in cellular biosynthetic activity that lead to gross disorganization of the dermal matrix (Puizina-Ivic (Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 17(2):47–54, 2008). The intrinsic rate of skin aging in any individual can be dramatically influenced by personal and environmental factors, particularly the amount of exposure to ultraviolet light. Photodamage, which considerably accelerates the visible aging of skin, also greatly increases the risk of cutaneous neoplasms. So, the processes of intrinsic and extrinsic aging are superimposed. As the population ages, dermatological focus must shift from ameliorating the cosmetic consequences of skin aging to decreasing the genuine morbidity associated with problems of the aging skin. Therefore, a better understanding of both the intrinsic and extrinsic influences on the aging of the skin, as well as distinguishing the retractable aspects of cutaneous aging (primarily hormonal and lifestyle influences) from the irretractable cutaneous aging (primarily intrinsic aging), is very important to solve the problem of aging (Puizina-Ivic (Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat 17(2):47–54, 2008).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Balin AK, Pratt LA. Physiological consequences of human skin aging. Cutis. 1989;43(5):431–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Puizina-Ivic N. Skin aging. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2008;17(2):47–54.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ding SL, Shen CY. Model of human aging: recent findings on Werner’s and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndromes. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(3):431–44.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Holtkotter O, Schlotmann K, Hofheinz H, Olbrisch RR, Petersohn D. Unveiling the molecular basis of intrinsic skin aging(1). Int J Cosmet Sci. 2005;27(5):263–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chondrogianni N, de Simoes D CM, Franceschi C, Gonos ES. Cloning of differentially expressed genes in skin fibroblasts from centenarians. Biogerontology. 2004;5(6):401–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hatzis J. The wrinkle and its measurement – a skin surface Profilometric method. Micron. 2004;35(3):201–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gilchrest BA, Stoff JS, Soter NA. Chronologic aging alters the response to ultraviolet-induced inflammation in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;79(1):11–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gilchrest BA. Age-associated changes in the skin. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982;30(2):139–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Montagna W, Carlisle K. Structural changes in aging human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1979;73(1):47–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Roskos KV, Maibach HI, Guy RH. The effect of aging on percutaneous absorption in man. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1989;17(6):617–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Grove GL. Age-related differences in healing of superficial skin wounds in humans. Arch Dermatol Res. 1982;272(3–4):381–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Van de Kerkhof PC, Van Bergen B, Spruijt K, Kuiper JP. Age-related changes in wound healing. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19(5):369–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Arthur WT, Vernon RB, Sage EH, Reed MJ. Growth factors reverse the impaired sprouting of microvessels from aged mice. Microvasc Res. 1998;55(3):260–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ashcroft GS, Horan MA, Ferguson MW. Aging is associated with reduced deposition of specific extracellular matrix components, an upregulation of angiogenesis, and an altered inflammatory response in a murine incisional wound healing model. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108(4):430–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ashcroft GS, Herrick SE, Tarnuzzer RW, Horan MA, Schultz GS, Ferguson MW. Human ageing impairs injury-induced in vivo expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and −2 proteins and mRNA. J Pathol. 1997;183(2):169–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ashcroft GS, Kielty CM, Horan MA, Ferguson MW. Age-related changes in the temporal and spatial distributions of fibrillin and elastin mRNAs and proteins in acute cutaneous wounds of healthy humans. J Pathol. 1997;183(1):80–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Xia YP, Zhao Y, Tyrone JW, Chen A, Mustoe TA. Differential activation of migration by hypoxia in keratinocytes isolated from donors of increasing age: implication for chronic wounds in the elderly. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(1):50–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Maize JC, Foster G. Age-related changes in melanocytic naevi. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1979;4(1):49–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Oender K, Trost A, Lanschuetzer C, Laimer M, Emberger M, Breitenbach M, Richter K, Hintner H, Bauer JW. Cytokeratin-related loss of cellular integrity is not a major driving force of human intrinsic skin aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129(10):563–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Blagosklonny MV. Prevention of cancer by inhibiting aging. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008;7(10):1520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Albright JW, Mease RC, Lambert C, Albright JF. Trypanosoma musculi: tracking parasites and circulating lymphoid cells in host mice. Exp Parasitol. 1999;91(2):185–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Blagosklonny MV. Aging: ROS or TOR. Cell Cycle. 2008;7(21):3344–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Richardson CJ, Schalm SS, Blenis J. PI3-kinase and TOR: PIKTORing cell growth. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2004;15(2):147–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Inoki K, Ouyang H, Li Y, Guan KL. Signaling by target of rapamycin proteins in cell growth control. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005;69(1):79–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hanifan N, Holick MF. Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary study. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(12):1802–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hussein MR. Analysis of p53, BCL-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor protein expression in the partial and complete hydatidiform moles. Exp Mol Pathol. 2009;87(1):63–9. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.03.005. Epub 2009 Apr 5

    Google Scholar 

  27. de Rigal J, Escoffier C, Querleux B, Faivre B, Agache P, Leveque JL. Assessment of aging of the human skin by in vivo ultrasonic imaging. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;93(5):621–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Roskos KV, Bircher AJ, Maibach HI, Guy RH. Pharmacodynamic measurements of methyl nicotinate percutaneous absorption: the effect of aging on microcirculation. Br J Dermatol. 1990;122(2):165–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wayne SJ, Rhyne RL, Garry PJ, Goodwin JS. Cell-mediated immunity as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in subjects over 60. J Gerontol. 1990;45(2):M45–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Braverman IM, Fonferko E. Studies in cutaneous aging: II. The microvasculature. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;78(5):444–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Braverman IM, Fonferko E. Studies in cutaneous aging: I. The elastic fiber network. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;78(5):434–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Quatresooz P, Pierard GE. Immunohistochemical clues at aging of the skin microvascular unit. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36(1):39–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Escoffier C, de Rigal J, Rochefort A, Vasselet R, Leveque JL, Agache PG. Age-related mechanical properties of human skin: an in vivo study. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;93(3):353–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Miyahara T, Murai A, Tanaka T, Shiozawa S, Kameyama M. Age-related differences in human skin collagen: solubility in solvent, susceptibility to pepsin digestion, and the spectrum of the solubilized polymeric collagen molecules. J Gerontol. 1982;37(6):651–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Schnider SL, Kohn RR. Effects of age and diabetes mellitus on the solubility and nonenzymatic glucosylation of human skin collagen. J Clin Invest. 1981;67(6):1630–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Schnider SL, Kohn RR. Effects of age and diabetes mellitus on the solubility of collagen from human skin, tracheal cartilage and dura mater. Exp Gerontol. 1982;17(3):185–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lipson MJ, Silbert JE. Acid mucopolysaccharides of tadpole tail fin and back skin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1965;101(3):279–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kondo K, Seno N, Anno K. Mucopolysaccharides from chicken skin of three age groups. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971;244(3):513–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Daly CH, Odland GF. Age-related changes in the mechanical properties of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1979;73(1):84–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Makrantonaki E, Vogel K, Fimmel S, Oeff M, Seltmann H, Zouboulis CC. Interplay of IGF-I and 17beta-estradiol at age-specific levels in human sebocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43(10):939–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Silver AF, Chase HB. An in vivo method for studying the hair cycle. Nature. 1966;210(5040):1051.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Downing DT, Stewart ME, Strauss JS. Changes in sebum secretion and the sebaceous gland. Dermatol Clin. 1986;4(3):419–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Procacci P, Zoppi M, Maresca M. Experimental pain in man. Pain. 1979;6(2):123–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Beauregard S, Gilchrest BA. A survey of skin problems and skin care regimens in the elderly. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123(12):1638–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hope-Simpson RE. The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis. Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:9–20.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Vestal RE. Aging and pharmacology. Cancer. 1997;80(7):1302–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Adly MA, Assaf HA, Hussein MR. Expression of the heat shock protein-27 in the adult human scalp skin and hair follicle: hair cycle-dependent changes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(5):811–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Saudi German Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Hanan Assaf

  2. Department of Zoology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

    Mohamed A. Adly

  3. Department of Pathology, Assir Central Hospital, and Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt

    Mahmoud R. Hussein

Authors
  1. Hanan Assaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed A. Adly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mahmoud R. Hussein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hanan Assaf .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Miranda A. Farage

  2. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Kenneth W. Miller

  3. Department Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Assaf, H., Adly, M.A., Hussein, M.R. (2015). Aging and Intrinsic Aging: Pathogenesis and Manifestations. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Maibach, H. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_13-2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_13-2

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27814-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation