Abstract
The three segments of this chapter introduce phenomena that are of specific interest in the area of hydraulics. Where applicable (Cavitation, Sect. 15.1 and Sediment Transport, Sect. 15.3) introductory and descriptive material regarding the topic is provided. Terminology, physical examples and motivating descriptions introduce the comprehensive Cavitation subsection. Examples of the types of flows in which cavitation occurs are provided. This information sets the stage for a description of the types of facilities and instrumentation that are necessary to study the problem. Numerous photographs and descriptive sketches clarify and complement the text.
The wave height measurement segment first deals with fixed position single "point" techniques. More advanced techniques for: i) wave surface shape along a horizontal line, and ii) two-dimensional surface geometry measurements for laboratory and field observations are then described.
Following the introduction to sediment transport phenomena and terminology, the methods of measurement: manual, optical and acoustic are given detailed descriptions including calibration techniques for the latter two methods. Bed load sediment measurements: pressure difference, sediment trapping and acoustic are next described. Total load and the less common measurement techniques, plus references complete the subsection.
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Abbreviations
- 3-D:
-
three-dimensional
- A/D:
-
analog-to-digital
- ABS:
-
acoustic backscatter
- ABS:
-
acoustic bubble spectrometer
- ADCP:
-
acoustic Doppler current profiler
- ASTM:
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
- CCD:
-
charge-coupled device
- CMOS:
-
complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- CSM:
-
cavitation susceptibility meters
- DAS:
-
direct absorption spectroscopy
- DNS:
-
direct numerical simulation
- DPIV:
-
digital PIV
- FBRM:
-
focused beam reflectance measurement
- FFT:
-
fast Fourier transform
- FOBS:
-
fiber-optic backscatter
- GPS:
-
global positioning system
- HPR:
-
heave–pitch–roll
- ICET:
-
international cavitation erosion test
- ITTC:
-
international towing tank conference
- JFTA:
-
joint frequency–time analysis
- LDA:
-
laser Doppler anemometry
- LDV:
-
laser Doppler velocimetry
- LED:
-
light-emitting diodes
- LIF:
-
laser-induced fluorescence
- LISST:
-
laser in situ scattering and transmissometry
- MARIN:
-
Maritime Research Institute Netherlands
- MDPR:
-
mean depth of erosion penetration rate
- NACA:
-
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
- Nd:YAG:
-
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet
- OBS:
-
optical backscatter
- PCI:
-
peripheral component interface
- PDA:
-
phase Doppler anemometry
- PIV:
-
particle image velocimetry
- PUV:
-
pressure and two components of horizontal current
- PVDF:
-
polyvinylidene fluoride
- RMS:
-
root-mean-square
- UVW:
-
three components of velocity
- VAO:
-
Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau Obernach
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Arndt, R., Kawakami, D., Wosnik, M., Perlin, M., Admiraal, D., García, M. (2007). Hydraulics. In: Tropea, C., Yarin, A.L., Foss, J.F. (eds) Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30299-5_15
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