Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Postinfective Hydrocephalus

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery

Abstract

Hydrocephalus in pediatric population is an entity that has been the focus of many studies. Hydrocephalus in children may occur due to a multiple number of causes and if left untreated has a lethal outcome. Postinfective hydrocephalus (PIH) may be defined as hydrocephalus associated with infectious etiology is mostly associated with meningitis. Common causes of PIH include tuberculosis meningitis, neurocysticercosis, and pyogenic meningitis. Various CSF diversion procedures used in PIH include: External ventricular drain, ventricular shunt (ventriculoperitoneal, ventriculoatrial and ventriculopleural), lumboperitoneal shunt and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. We will discuss various etiologies, pathogenesis of hydrocephalous and treatment options in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 949.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agrawal D, Gupta A, Mehta VS (2005) Role of shunt surgery in pediatric tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus. Indian Pediatr 42:245–250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amaral L, Maschietto M, Maschietto R, Cury R, Ferreira NF, Mendonca R, Lima SS (2003) Unusual manifestations of neurocysticercosis in MR imaging: analysis of 172 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 61(3A):533–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NE1, Somaratne J, Mason DF, Holland D, Thomas MG. Neurological and systemic complications of tuberculous meningitis and its treatment at Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17:1114–1118

    Google Scholar 

  • Andronikou S, Wieselthaler N, Smith B, Douis H, Fieggen AG, van Toorn R et al (2005) Value of early follow-up CT in paediatric tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Radiol 35:1092–1099

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berenguer J, Moreno S, Laguna F, Vicente T, Adrados M, Ortega A et al (1992) Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 326:668–672

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergsneider M, Holly LT, Lee JH, King WA, Frazee JG (2000) Endoscopic management of cysticercal cysts within the lateral and third ventricles. J Neurosurg 92:14–23

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati SN (1971) Ventriculoatrial shunt in tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 35:309–313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati S, Mehta N, Shah S (2010) Use of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus of tubercular origin. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 26:1675–1682

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickerstaff ER, Cloake PCP, Hughes B, Smith WT (1952) The racemose form of cerebral cysticercosis. Brain J Neurol 75:1–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bittencourt PRM, Gracia CM, Martins R, Fernandes AG, Diekmann HW, Jung W (1992) Phenytoin and carbamazepine decrease oral bioavailability of praziquantel. Neurology 42:492–495

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blomstedt GC (1987) Post-operative aseptic meningitis. Acta Neurochir 89:112–116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohl MA, Almefty KK, Nakaji P (2015) Defining a standardized approach for the bedside insertion of temporal horn external ventricular drains: procedure development and case series. Neurosurgery 79:296–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D (2010) Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:467–492

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows AM, Murphy ME, Daniels DJ, Meyer FB (2016) Antibiotic reservoir injection reduces shunt infection in adults. World Neurosurg 89:108–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns H (1951) Neurosurgical methods in the treatment of Tuberculous meningitis. Arch Dis Child 26:376–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Camacho DLA, Smith JK, Castillo M (2003) Differentiation of toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS patients by using apparent diffusion coefficients. Am J Neuroradiol 24:633–637

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A (2002) Neurocysticercosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 2:751–762

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty AK (2000) Estimating mortality from tuberculous meningitis in a community: use of available epidemiological parameters in the Indian context. Indian J Tuberc 47:9–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee S, Chatterjee U (2011) Overview of postinfective hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 27:1693–1698

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitale VR, Kasaliwal GT (1982) Our experience of ventriculoatrial shunt using Upadhyaya valve in cases of hydrocephalus associated with Tuberculous meningitis. Prog Pediatr Surg 15:223–236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chugh A, Husain M, Gupta RK, Ojha BK, Chandra A, Rastogi M (2009) Surgical outcome of tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus treated by endoscopic third ventriculostomy: prognostic factors and postoperative neuroimaging for functional assessment of ventriculostomy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 3:371–377

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colli BO, Martelli N, Assirati JA, Machado HR, de Verqueiro Forjaz S (1986) Results of surgical treatment of neurocysticercosis in 69 cases. J Neurosurg 65:309–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crino JP (1999) Ultrasound and fetal diagnosis of perinatal infection. Clin Obstet Gynecol 42:71–80; quiz 174–175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dastur DK, Manghani DK, Udani PM (1995) Pathology and pathogenetic mechanisms in neurotuberculosis. Radiol Clin N Am 33:733–752

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Brutto OH (1994) Prognostic factors for seizure recurrence after withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with neurocysticercosis. Neurology 44:1706–1709

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Brutto OH (2012a) Neurocysticercosis: a review. Sci World J [Internet] [cited 15 June 2016]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261519/

  • Del Brutto OH (2012b) Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis, revisited. Pathog Glob Health 106(5):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773212Y.0000000025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Demetriades AK, Bassi S (2011) Antibiotic resistant infections with antibiotic-impregnated Bactiseal catheters for ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Br J Neurosurg 25(6):671–673

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desmonts G, Naot Y, Remington JS (1981) Immunoglobulin M-immunosorbent agglutination assay for diagnosis of infectious diseases: diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired toxoplasma infections. J Clin Microbiol 14:486–491

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Edmond K, Clark A, Korczak VS, Sanderson C, Griffiths UK, Rudan I (2010) Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 10:317–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NC, Engelhart L, Casamento EM, McGirt MJ (2015) Cost-consequence analysis of antibiotic-impregnated shunts and external ventricular drains in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 122:139–147

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EstéeTörök M, Bang ND, Chau TTH, Yen NTB, Thwaites GE, ThiQuy H, Dung NH, TinhHien T, Chinh NT, Hoang HTT, Wolbers M, Farrar JJ (2011) Dexamethasone and long-term outcome of tuberculous meningitis in Vietnamese adults and adolescents. PLoS One 6:e27821

    Google Scholar 

  • Figaji AA, Fieggen AG, Peter JC (2003) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in tuberculous meningitis. Childs Nerv Syst 19:217–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulmer BB, Grabb PA, Oakes WJ, Mapstone TB (2000) Neonatal ventriculosubgaleal shunts. Neurosurgery 47:80–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE, Takayanagui OM, White AC Jr, Botero D, Rajshekhar V, Tsang VC, Schantz PM, Allan JC, Flisser A, Correa D, Sarti E, Friedland JS, Martinez SM, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Del Brutto OH (2002) Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:747–756

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH (2014) Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol 13:1202–1215

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garg K, Gurjar HK, Joseph SG, Shashikant RC, Sharma BS (2014) Third ventricular tuberculoma. Neurol India 62:73–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A (2016) Neuroimaging in tuberculous meningitis. Neurol India 64(2):219–227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girgis NI, Farid Z, Kilpatrick ME, Sultan Y, Mikhail IA (1991) Dexamethasone adjunctive treatment for tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10:179–183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyal P, Srivastava C, Ojha BK, Singh SK, Chandra A, Garg RK et al (2014) A randomized study of ventriculoperitoneal shunt versus endoscopic third ventriculostomy for the management of tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 30:851–857

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Prakash S, Nadimpalli R, Cavallino RP (2002) Intraventricular neurocysticercosis mimicking colloid cyst case report. J Neurosurg 97(208–210):208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hrnjaković-Cvjetković I, Jerant-Patić V, Cvjetković D, Mrdja E, Milosević V (1998) Congenital toxoplasmosis. Med Pregl 51:140–145

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husain M, Jha DK, Rastogi M, Husain N, Gupta RK (2005) Role of neuroendoscopy in the management of patients with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Rev 28:278–283

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jha DK, Mishra V, Choudhary A, Khatri P, Tiwari R, Sural A et al (2007a) Factors affecting the outcome of neuroendoscopy in patients with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus: a preliminary study. Surg Neurol 68:35–41; discussion 41–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jha DK, Vineeta M, Choudhary A, Khatri P, Tiwari R, Sural A, Kumar S (2007b) Factors affecting the outcome of neuroendoscopy in patients with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus: a preliminary study. Surg Neurol 68:35–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonathan A, Rajshekhar V (2005) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for chronic hydrocephalus after tuberculous meningitis. Surg Neurol 63:32–34; discussion 34–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kan P, Kestle J (2007) Lack of efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated shunt systems in preventing shunt infections in children. Childs Nerv Syst 23:773–777

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandasamy J, Dwan K, Hartley JC, Jenkinson MD, Hayhurst C, Gatscher S, Thompson D, Crimmins D, Mallucci C (2011) Antibiotic-impregnated ventriculoperitoneal shunts – a multi-centre British paediatric neurosurgery group (BPNG) study using historical controls. Childs Nerv Syst 27:575–581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karande S, Gupta V, Kulkarni M, Joshi A (2005) Prognostic clinical variables in childhood tuberculous meningitis: an experience from Mumbai, India. Neurol India 53:191–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kariyattil R, Mariswamappa K, Panikar D (2008) Ventriculosubgaleal shunts in the management of infective hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 24:1033–1035

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenneson A, Cannon MJ (2007) Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rev Med Virol 17:253–276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kestle JR, Riva-Cambrin J, Wellons JC 3rd, Kulkarni AV, Whitehead WE, Walker ML, Oakes WJ, Drake JM, Luerssen TG, Simon TD, Holubkov R (2011) Hydrocephalus clinical research network. A standardized protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: the hydrocephalus clinical research network quality improvement initiative. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8:22–29

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KS (2010) Acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Lancet Infect Dis 10:32–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantelias AA, Vardakas KZ, Polyzos KA, Tansarli GS, Falagas MEJ (2015) Antimicrobial-impregnated and -coated shunt catheters for prevention of infections in patients with hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 122:1096–1112

    Google Scholar 

  • Kourtópoulos H, Holm SE, Norrby SR (1983) The influence of steroids on the penetration of antibiotics into brain tissue and brain abscesses. An experimental study in rats. J Antimicrob Chemother 11:245–249

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamprecht D, Schoeman J, Donald P, Hartzenberg H (2001) Ventriculoperitoneal shunting in childhood tuberculous meningitis. Br J Neurosurg 15:119–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee GT, Antelo F, Mlikotic AA (2009) Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Radiographics 29:1200–1205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefevre AB (1966) Clinical study of intracranial tumors in children. Considerations on 127 cases. Rev HospClinFac Med Sao Paulo 21:1–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Padhi A, Ranjeva SL, Donaldson SC, Warf BC, Mugamba J et al (2011) Association of bacteria with hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7:73–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber J, Pickering D (1966) Incidence and treatment of post-meningitic hydrocephalus in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 41:44–50

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lyngdoh BT, Islam MS (2012) Ventriculocholecysto shunt: a solution to recurrent shunt complications in comorbid post-tubercular hydrocephalus with tubercular adhesive peritonitis. Acta Neurochir 154:2267–2270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-012-1506-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew JM, Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ (1998) Shunt surgery in poor grade patients with tuberculous meningitis and hydrocephalus: effects of response to external ventricular drainage and other variables on long term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:115–118

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matushita H, Pinto FCG, Cardeal DD, Teixeira MJ (2011a) Hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 27:1709–1721

    Google Scholar 

  • Matushita H, Pinto FC, Cardeal DD, Teixeira MJ (2011b) Hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1709–1721

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland S, Hall WA (2007) Postoperative central nervous system infection: incidence and associated factors in 2111 neurosurgical procedures. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 45:55–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra UK, Kalita J, Prabhakar S, Chakravarty A, Kochar D, Nair PP (2012) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in tuberculous meningitis needs more evidence. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 15:233

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moussa WM, Mohamed MA (2016) Efficacy of postoperative antibiotic injection in and around ventriculoperitoneal shunt in reduction of shunt infection: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 143:144–149

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray HW, Bandstetter RD, Levyne MH (1981) Ventriculoatrial shunt for hydrocephalus complicating tuberculous meningitis. Am J Med 70:895–898

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neal JH (1995) An endoscopic approach to cysticercosis cysts of the posterior third ventricle. Neurosurgery 36:1040–1043

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson JP, Richner B, Santy K, Lequin MH, Poretti A, Filippi CG et al (2012) Neuroimaging of pediatric intracranial infection – part 2: TORCH, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. J Neuroimag Off J Am Soc Neuroimag 22:e52–e63

    Google Scholar 

  • Olariu TR, Remington JS, McLeod R, Alam A, Montoya JG (2011) Severe congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States: clinical and serologic findings in untreated infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30:1056–1061

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palur R, Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ, Joseph T, Abraham J (1991) Shunt surgery for hydrocephalus in tuberculous meningitis: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurosurg 74:64–69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paquet C, Yudin MH, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (2013) Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can JOGC J Obstétrique Gynécologie Can JOGC 35:78–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker SL, McGirt MJ, Murphy JA, Megerian JT, Stout M, Engelhart L (2015) Cost savings associated with antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters in the treatment of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg 83:382–386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng J, Deng X, He F, Omran A, Zhang C, Yin F et al (2012) Role of ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery in grade IV tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 28:209–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad K, Sahu JK (2010) Duration of anti-tubercular treatment in tuberculous meningitis: challenges and opportunity. Neurol India 58:723–726

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raffa G, Marseglia L, Gitto E, Germanò A (2015) Antibiotic-impregnated catheters reduce ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection rate in high-risk newborns and infants. Childs Nerv Syst 31:1129–1138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Teo C, Morris W, Lao D, Boop FA (1995) Ventriculosubgaleal shunt: a treatment option for progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 11:650–654

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajshekhar V (2009) Management of hydrocephalus in patients with tuberculous meningitis. Neurol India 57:368–374

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajshekhar V, Jeyaseelan L (2004) Seizure outcome in patients with a solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma. Neurology 62:2236–2240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raju S, Ramesh S (2016) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy through lamina terminalis: a feasible alternative to standard endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurol India 64:75–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan M, Ulland AJ, Steinhardt LC, Moïsi JC, Were F, Levine OS (2009) Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review. BMC Med 7:47

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raut T, Garg RK, Jain A, Verma R, Singh MK, Malhotra HS, Kohli N, Parihar A (2013) Hydrocephalus in tuberculous meningitis: incidence, its predictive factors and impact on the prognosis. J Infect 66:330–337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz R, Roser F, Morgalla M, Dietz K, Tatagiba M, Will BE (2007) Do antibiotic-impregnated shunts in hydrocephalus therapy reduce the risk of infection? An observational study in 258 patients. BMC Infect Dis 7:–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy TK, Sircar PK, Chandar V (1979) Ventriculoatrial shunt in the management of tuberculous meningitis. Indian Pediatr 16:1023–1027

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarin YK, Saffar M, Sharma AK (1994) Cerebrospinal pseudocyst complicating VP shunt done for hydrocephalus associated with tuberculosis meningitis. Indian J Tubercul 4:43–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Savardekar A, Chatterji D, Singhi S, Mohindra S, Gupta S, Chhabra R (2013) The role of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in patients of tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus in poor neurological grade: a prospective study in the pediatric population and review of literature. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 29:719–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeman J, Donald P, van Zyl L, Keet M, Wait J (1991) Tuberculous hydrocephalus: comparison of different treatments with regard to ICP, ventricular size and clinical outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 33:396–405

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RM, Pruthi N, Arimappamagan A, Somanna S, Devi BI, Pandey P (2015) Tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus with HIV co-infection: role of cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures. J Neurosurg 122:1087–1095

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shim K-W, Kim D-S, Choi J-U (2008) Simultaneous endoscopic third ventriculostomy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt for infantile hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 24:443–451

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sil K, Chatterjee S (2008) Shunting in tuberculous meningitis: a neurosurgeon’s nightmare. Childs Nerv Syst 24:1029–1032

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Kumar S (1996) Ventriculoperitoneal shunt in post tubercular hydrocephalus. Ind Pediatr 33:854–855

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Sachdev V, Singh AK, Sinha S (2005) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in post-tuberculous meningitic hydrocephalus: a preliminary report. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 48:47–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh I, Haris M, Husain M, Husain N, Rastogi M, Gupta RK (2008) Role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with communicating hydrocephalus: an evaluation by MR ventriculography. Neurosurg Rev 31:319–325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha S, Sharma BS (2012) Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: a review of current status and management issues. Br J Neurosurg 26:305–309

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sotelo J, Marin C (1987) Hydrocephalus secondary to cysticercotic arachnoiditis. J Neurosurg 66:686–689

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spader HS, Hertzler DA, Kestle JR, Riva-Cambrin J (2015) Risk factors for infection and the effect of an institutional shunt protocol on the incidence of ventricular access device infections in preterm infants. J NeurosurgPediatr 15:156–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Srikantha U, Morab JV, Sastry S, Abraham R, Balasubramaniam A, Somanna S et al (2009) Outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in grade IV tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus: a retrospective analysis in 95 patients. Clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr 4:176–183

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suri A, Goel RK, Ahmad FU, Vellimana AK, Sharma BS, Mahapatra AK (2008) Endoscopic excision of intraventricular neurocysticercosis in children: a series of six cases and review. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg 24:281–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandon PN (1978) Tuberculous meningitis (cranial and spinal). In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology. Infections of the nervous system, vol 33. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 195–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandon V, Mahapatra AK (2011) Management of post-tubercular hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1699–1707

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The ISPN (2016) Guide to pediatric neurosurgery. http://ispn.guide/book/The%20ISPN%20Guide%20to%20Pediatric%20Neurosurgery/Hydrocephalus%20and%20Children/Physiology%20of%20CSF%20Circulation%20and%20Pathophysiology%20of%20-1. Last accessed 22 July 2016

  • Thwaites GE, Nguyen DB, Nguyen HD, Hoang TQ, Do TT, Nguyen TC, Nguyen QH, Nguyen TT, Nguyen NH, Nguyen TN, Nguyen NL, Nguyen HD, Vu NT, Cao HH, Tran TH, Pham PM, Nguyen TD, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Tran TH, Farrar JJ (2004) Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults. N Engl J Med 351:1741–1751

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thwaites G, Fisher M, Hemingway C, Scott G, Solomon T, Innes J (2009) British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children. J Infect 59:167–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez ML, Jung H, Sotelo J (1987) Plasma levels of praziquantel decrease when dexamethasone is given simultaneously. Neurology 37:1561–1126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in Uganda: the predominance of infectious origin and primary management with endoscopic third ventriculostomy. PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 15 June 2016];Available from: http://hinarilogin.research4life.org/uniquesigwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/uniquesig0/pubmed/16206728?dopt=Abstract

  • Wasay M, Farooq S, Khowaja ZA, Bawa ZA, Ali SM, Awan S, Beg MA, Mehndiratta MM (2014) Cerebral infarction and tuberculoma in central nervous system tuberculosis: frequency and prognostic implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85:1260–1264

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines, 4th edn. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44165/1/9789241547833_eng.pdf. Last accessed 16 July 2016

  • Working Group on Tuberculosis (2010) Indian academy of pediatrics (IAP) consensus statement on childhood tuberculosis. Indian Pediatr 47:41–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav YR, Pande S, Raina VK, Singh M (2004) Lumboperitoneal shunts: review of 409 cases. Neurol India 52:188–190

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav YR, Mukerji G, Parihar V, Sinha M, Pandey S (2009) Complex hydrocephalus (combination of communicating and obstructive type): an important cause of failed endoscopic third ventriculostomy. BMC Res Notes 16:137

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav YR, Shenoy R, Mukerji G, Parihar V (2010a) Water jet dissection technique for endoscopic third ventriculostomy minimizes the risk of bleeding and neurological complications in obstructive hydrocephalus with a thick and opaque third ventricle floor. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 53:155–158

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav YR, Parihar V, Sinha M (2010b) Lumbar peritoneal shunt. Neurol India 58:179–184

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav YR, Parihar V, Agrawal M, Bhatele PR (2011) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus. Neurol India 59:855–860

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav YR, Parihar VS, Todorov M, Kher Y, Chaurasia ID, Pande S et al (2016) Role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in tuberculous meningitis with hydrocephalus. Asian J Neurosurg 11:325–329

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zarrouk V, Vassor I, Bert F, Bouccara D, Kalamarides M, Bendersky N et al (2007) Evaluation of the management of postoperative aseptic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 44:1555–1559

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Deepak Gupta & Kanwaljeet Garg

Authors
  1. Deepak Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kanwaljeet Garg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deepak Gupta .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany

    Concezio Di Rocco

  2. Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK

    Dachling Pang

  3. Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    James T. Rutka

Section Editor information

  1. Pediatric Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany

    Concezio Di Rocco

  2. Pediatric Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Largo “A. Gemelli”,8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Gianpiero Tamburrini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Gupta, D., Garg, K. (2020). Postinfective Hydrocephalus. In: Di Rocco, C., Pang, D., Rutka, J. (eds) Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72168-2_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72168-2_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72167-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72168-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation