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Pharmacodynamic Evaluation: Ocular Pharmacology

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Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Methods in Clinical Pharmacology

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Abstract

The eye is a specialized organ that provides a relatively easy access for direct visualization of the different anatomical structures and assessment of the diseases associated with them. Despite this, however, the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases has proven difficult over the years. Ocular surface diseases include allergic conjunctivitis, infection (viral, bacterial, and fungal), inflammation, and dry eye. Major anterior chamber and lens-associated disorders include cataracts, presbyopia, iritis/ureitis, elevated intraocular pressure-associated glaucoma and pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma. Diseases that primarily effect the retina in the posterior segment of the eye include wet and dry age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema and retinopathy, and glaucomatous optic neuropathy that involves the retinal sensory neurons (retinal ganglion cells) and their axons that form the optic nerve that connects the retina to the brain. Many decades of basic and applied research have resulted in the discovery and development of different types of pharmacological agents (small molecules), peptides, and antibodies that help clinically manage the various ocular disorders mentioned above. Recent advances in gene- and cellular-therapeutics, and production of suitable miniature devices, have also revolutionized ocular disease management. The pharmacotherapeutic and pharmacodynamic aspects of these modalities will be discussed here. This will include target protein localization, assessment of drug engagement with the target, and mechanism of action of the drug entities in cellular and whole-eye efficacy systems using normal and disease-based assays and animal models. Such in vitro screening and in vivo evaluation and the types of results obtained from such studies will be also described and discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Global Alliances and External Research, Global Ophthalmology Research and Development, Santen Incorporated, Emeryville, CA, USA

    Najam A. Sharif

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  1. Najam A. Sharif
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Correspondence to Najam A. Sharif .

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  1. CorDynamics, Dieburg, Germany

    Franz J. Hock

  2. CorDynamics, Chicago, IL, USA

    Michael R. Gralinski

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Sharif, N.A. (2020). Pharmacodynamic Evaluation: Ocular Pharmacology. In: Hock, F., Gralinski, M. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Methods in Clinical Pharmacology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68864-0_54

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