Abstract
The increased commercial availability and the reduced prices of nanoparticles are leading to their incorporation in polymers and structural adhesives. This chapter outlines the principal types of nanoparticles, and the methods that may be used to disperse the particles in a polymer matrix. It discusses how nanoparticles can alter the mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness), electrical properties (e.g., conductivity), functional properties (e.g., permeability, glass transition temperature), and fracture performance of thermoset polymers. The effect of nanoparticles on joint performance is also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed S, Jones FR (1990) A review of particulate reinforcement theories for polymer composites. J Mater Sci 25:4933
Ajayan PM, Stephan O et al (1994) Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin-nanotube composite. Science 265:1212
Alexandre M, Dubois P (2000) Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Eng R 28:1
Azimi HR, Pearson RA et al (1996a) Fatigue of hybrid epoxy composites: Epoxies containing rubber and hollow glass spheres. Polym Eng Sci 36:2352
Azimi HR, Pearson RA et al (1996b) Fatigue of rubber-modified epoxies: effect of particle size and volume fraction. J Mater Sci 31:3777
Baik Y, Lee S et al (2005) Unidirectional alignment of carbon nano-sized fiber using drawing process. J Mater Sci 40:6037
Bechelany M, Brioude A et al (2007) Large-scale preparation of faceted Si 3N 4 nanorods from beta-SiC nanowires. Nanotechnology 18:335305
Becker O, Simon GP (2006) Epoxy nanocomposites based on layered silicates and other nanostructured fillers. In: Mai YW, Yu ZZ (eds) Polymer nanocomposites. Woodhead, Cambridge, p 594
Beyer G (2002) Carbon nanotubes as flame retardants for polymers. Fire Mater 26:291
Blackman BRK, Kinloch AJ et al (2007) The fracture and fatigue behaviour of nano-modified epoxy polymers. J Mater Sci 42:7049
Brnardic I, Macan J et al (2008) Thermal degradation kinetics of epoxy/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 107:1932
Brooker RD, Blackman BRK et al (2008) Nano-reinforcement of epoxy/thermoplastic blends. In: 31st annual meeting of the adhesion society, Austin, USA, Adhesion Society, Blacksburg, USA
Brooker RD, Kinloch AJ et al (2010) The morphology and fracture properties of thermoplastic-toughened epoxy polymers. J Adhes 86:726
Brown DM, Kinloch IA et al (2007) An in vitro study of the potential of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres to induce inflammatory mediators and frustrated phagocytosis. Carbon 45:1743
Bugnicourt E, Galy J et al (2007) Effect of sub-micron silica fillers on the mechanical performances of epoxy-based composites. Polymer 48:1596
Cao Y, Irwin PC et al (2004) The future of nanodielectrics in the electrical power industry. IEEE Trans Dielectric Electrical Insul 11:797
Chakrabarti S, Nagasaka T et al (2006) Growth of super long aligned brush-like carbon nanotubes. Jpn J Appl Phys Expr Lett 45:L720
Chandradass J, Bae D-S (2008) Preparation and properties of barium titanate nanopowder/epoxy composites. Mater Manuf Process 23:116
CheapTubes (2009.) http://www.cheaptubes.com. Retrieved 4 Nov 2009
Chen C, Curliss D (2001) Resin matrix composites: organoclay-aerospace epoxy nanocomposites, Part II. SAMPE J 37:11
Chen TK, Jan YH (1992) Fracture mechanism of toughened epoxy-resin with bimodal rubber-particle size distribution. J Mater Sci 27:111
Chen XQ, Saito T et al (2001) Aligning single-wall carbon nanotubes with an alternating-current electric field. Appl Phys Lett 78:3714
Demczyk BG, Wang YM et al (2002) Direct mechanical measurement of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng A 334:173
Dodiuk H, Belinski I et al (2006) Polyurethane adhesives containing functionalized nanoclays. J Adhes Sci Technol 20:1345
Dompas D, Groeninckx G (1994) Toughening behavior of rubber-modified thermoplastic polymers involving very small rubber particles. 1. A criterion for internal rubber cavitation. Polymer 35:4743
Feynman RP (1959) .There’s plenty of room at the bottom – an invitation to enter a new field of physics http://www.;zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html. Accessed 9 Apr 2008
Fiedler B, Gojny FH et al (2006) Fundamental aspects of nano-reinforced composites. Compos Sci Technol 66:3115
Gilbert EN, Hayes BS et al (2003) Nano-alumina modified epoxy based film adhesives. Polym Eng Sci 43:1096
Gilman JW (1999) Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 15:31
Gilman JW, Harris RH et al (1999b) Cyanate ester clay nanocomposites: synthesis and flammability studies. In: Evolving and revolutionary technologies for the new millennium 44th international SAMPE symposium/exhibition, Long beach, CA, USA, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE)
Gilman JW, Kashiwagi T et al (1999a) Flammability studies of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites: polyolefin, epoxy and vinyl ester resins. In: Ak-Malaika S, Golovoy A et al (eds) Chemistry and technology of polymer additives. Blackwell Science, Malden, p 249
Gilman JW, Harris RH et al (2000b) Phenolic cyanate ester nanocomposites: effect of ammonium ion structure on flammability and nano-dispersion. In: Spring meeting, division of polymeric materials: science and engineering, American Chemical Society, San Francisco, USA, American Chemical Society
Gilman JW, Jackson CL et al (2000a) Flammability properties of polymer-layered-silicate nanocomposites. polypropylene and polystyrene. Nanocomposites Chem Mater 12:1866
Gintert MJ, Jana SC et al (2007) A novel strategy for nanoclay exfoliation in thermoset polyimide nanocomposite systems. Polymer 48:4166
Gojny FH, Nastalczyk J et al (2003) Surface modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in CNT/epoxy-composites. Chem Phys Lett 370:820
Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG et al (2004) Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites: enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content. Compos Sci Technol 64:2363
Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG et al (2006) Evaluation and identification of electrical and thermal conduction mechanisms in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Polymer 47:2036
Gordon JE (1978) The new science of strong materials or why you don’t fall through the floor. Penguin, Harmondsworth
Green K, Dean D et al (2006) Aligned carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanocomposites. Polym Mater Sci Eng 94:53
Gusev AA, Lusti HR (2001) Rational design of nanocomposites for barrier applications. Adv Mater 13:1641
Hackman I, Hollaway L (2006) Epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites in civil engineering. Composites Pt A 37:1161
Harper T (2003) What is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology 14:U5
Harris PJF (1999) Carbon nanotubes and related structures: new materials for the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Harris PJF (2009) Carbon nanotube science: synthesis, properties and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hay J, Shaw S (2001) Into the Labyrinth. Chem Br 2001:34
Hsiao K-T, Alms J et al (2003) Use of epoxy/multiwalled carbon nanotubes as adhesives to join graphite fibre reinforced polymer composites. Nanotechnology 14:791
Hsieh TH, Kinloch AJ et al (2010) The toughness of epoxy polymers and fibre composites modified with rubber microparticles and silica nanoparticles. J Mater Sci 45:1193
ICBA (2008) .International Carbon Black Association, http://www.carbon-black.;org. Retrieved 9 Apr 2008
Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354:56
Iijima S, Ichihashi T (1993) Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363:603
Imai T, Sawa F et al (2006) Effects of nano- and micro-filler mixture on electrical insulation properties of epoxy based composites. IEEE Trans Dielectric Electrical Insul 13:319
Johnsen BB, Kinloch AJ et al (2007) Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers. Polymer 48:530
Kaneka (2008.) http://www.kaneka.com. Retrieved 9 Apr 2008
Karger-Kocsis J, Friedrich K (1992) Fatigue crack-propagation and related failure in modified, anhydride-cured epoxy-resins. Colloid Polym Sci 270:549
Karger-Kocsis J, Gryshchuk O et al (2003) Interpenetrating vinylester/epoxy resins modified with organophilic layered silicates. Compos Sci Technol 63:2045
Kathi J, Rhee K (2008) Surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. J Mater Sci 43:33
Kawaguchi T, Pearson RA (2003) The effect of particle-matrix adhesion on the mechanical behavior of glass filled epoxies. Part 2. A study on fracture toughness. Polymer 44:4239
Kinloch AJ, Lee JH et al (2003) Toughening structural adhesives via nano- and micro-phase inclusions. J Adhes 79:867
Kinloch AJ, Maxwell DL et al (1985) The fracture of hybrid-particulate composites. J Mater Sci 20:4169
Kinloch AJ, Mohammed RD et al (2005) The effect of silica nano particles and rubber particles on the toughness of multiphase thermosetting epoxy polymers. J Mater Sci 40:5083
Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC (2002) The toughening of cyanate-ester polymers. Part I: physical modification using particles, fibres and woven-mats. J Mater Sci 37:433
Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC (2003) Mechanical and fracture properties of epoxy/inorganic micro- and nano-composites. J Mater Sci Lett 22:1439
Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC (2006) The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy-inorganic micro- and nano-composites. J Mater Sci 41:3271
Kody RS, Lesser AJ (1999) Yield behavior and energy absorbing characteristics of rubber-modified epoxies subjected to biaxial stress states. Polym Compos 20:250
Koerner H, Hampton E et al (2005) Generating triaxial reinforced epoxy/montmorillonite nanocomposites with uniaxial magnetic fields. Chem Mater 17:1990
Kornmann X (1999) Synthesis and characterisation of thermoset-clay nanocomoposites. Licentiate thesis, materials and manufacturing engineering department, University of Lulea, Lulea, Sweden
Lam C-W, James JT et al (2004) Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol Sci 77:126
Lam C-K, Lau K-T et al (2005) Effect of ultrasound sonication in nanoclay clusters of nanoclay/epoxy composites. Mater Lett 59:1369
Lau K-T, Gu C et al (2004) Stretching process of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for nanocomposite applications. Carbon 42:426
Lazzeri A, Bucknall CB (1993) Dilatational bands in rubber-toughened polymers. J Mater Sci 28:6799
Liang G, Hu X (2004) Preparation and performance of aluminum borate whisker-reinforced epoxy composites. I. Effect of whiskers on processing, reactivity, and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 92:1950–1954
Liang YL, Pearson RA (2009) Toughening mechanisms in epoxy-silica nanocomposites (ESNs). Polymer 50:4895
Liu WP, Hoa SV et al (2004) Morphology and performance of epoxy nanocomposites modified with organoclay and rubber. Polym Eng Sci 44:1178
Lu KL, Lago RM et al (1996) Mechanical damage of carbon nanotubes by ultrasound. Carbon 34:814
Martin CA, Sandler JKW et al (2005) Electric field-induced aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube networks in epoxy composites. Polymer 46:877
Messersmith PB, Giannelis EP (1994) Synthesis and characterisation of layered silicate-epoxy nanocomposites. Chem Mater 6:1719
Mohammed RD (2007) Material properties and fracture mechanisms of epoxy nano-composites. PhD thesis, mechanical engineering. Imperial college of science, technology and medicine, London
Moloney AC, Kausch HH et al (1983) The fracture of particulate-filled epoxide resins. J Mater Sci 19:1125
Montanari GC, Ciani F et al (2005) Electric strength, space charge and surface discharge characterization of nanostructured epoxy-silicate insulating materials. In: 2005 International symposium on electrical insulating materials, vols 1–3, Tokyo, Institute of Electrical Engineers, Japan
Morisada Y, Miyamoto Y et al (2007) Mechanical properties of SiC composites incorporating SiC-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 25:322
Naganuma T, Kagawa Y (2002) Effect of particle size on the optically transparent nano meter-order glass particle-dispersed epoxy matrix composites. Compos Sci Technol 62:1187
Nanoresins (2008.) http://www.nanoresins.com. Retrieved 9 Apr 2008
Oba T (1999) The fatigue behaviour of toughened epoxy polymers. PhD thesis, mechanical engineering. Imperial college of science, technology and medicine, London
Patel S, Bandyopadhyay A et al (2006) Synthesis and properties of nanocomposite adhesives. J Adhes Sci Technol 20:371
Pearson RA, Yee AF (1991) Influence of particle-size and particle-size distribution on toughening mechanisms in rubber-modified epoxies. J Mater Sci 26:3828
Puglia D, Valentini L et al (2003) Analysis of the cure reaction of carbon nanotubes/epoxy resin composites through thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 88:452
Radford T (2003) Brave new world or miniature menace? Why Charles fears grey goo nightmare. The Guardian, London, Issued 29 April 2003
Ragosta G, Abbate M et al (2005) Epoxy-silica particulate nanocomposites: chemical interactions, reinforcement and fracture toughness. Polymer 46:10506
Rosso P, Ye L et al (2006) A toughened epoxy resin by silica nanoparticle reinforcement. J Appl Polym Sci 100:1849
Rothon RN, Hancock M (1995) General principles guiding selection and use of particulate materials. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled polymer composites. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, p 1
Saito R, Dresselhaus G et al (1998) Physical properties of carbon nanotubes. Imperial College, London
Salinas-Ruiz MDM (2009) Development of a rubber toughened epoxy adhesive loaded with carbon nanotubes, for aluminium – polymer bonds. PhD thesis, School of applied science, Cranfield University
Sandler J, Shaffer MSP et al (1999) Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties. Polymer 40:5967
Sandler JKW, Kirk JE et al (2003) Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites. Polymer 44:5893
Sautereau H, Maazouz A et al (1995) Fatigue behavior of glass bead filled epoxy. J Mater Sci 30:1715
Schadler LS (2003) Polymer-based and polymer-filled nanocomposites. In: Ajayan PM, Schadler LS et al (eds) Nanocomposite science and technology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 380
Schmid CF, Klingenberg DJ (2000) Mechanical flocculation in flowing fiber suspensions. Phys Rev Lett 84:290
Shaffer MSP, Kinloch IA (2004) Prospects for nanotube and nanofibre composites. Compos Sci Technol 64:2281
Shaffer MSP, Sandler JKW (2006) Carbon nanotube/nanofibre polymer composites. In: Advani SG (ed) Processing and properties of nanocomposites. World Scientific, Singapore
Sheng N, Boyce MC et al (2004) Multiscale micromechanical modeling of polymer/clay nanocomposites and the effective clay particle. Polymer 45:487
Sigma Aldrich (2008.) http://www.sigmaaldrich.com Retrieved 9 Apr 2008
Sohn Lee J (2009) The fatigue behaviour of nano-modified epoxy adhesives. PhD thesis, Department of mechanical engineering, Imperial college London, London
Sorrentino A, Gorrasi G et al (2006) Barrier properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites. In: Mai YW, Yu ZZ (eds) Polymer nanocomposites. Woodhead, Cambridge, p 594
Sprenger S, Eger C et al (2003) Nanoadhesives: toughness and high strength. Adhaesion, Kleben and Dichten 2003:24
Sprenger S, Eger C et al (2004). Nano-modified ambient temperature curing epoxy adhesives. Adhaesion, Kleben and Dichten 2004:1
Tang Y, Liang G et al (2007) Performance of aluminum borate whisker reinforced cyanate ester resin. J Appl Polym Sci 106:4131
Tarrant AE (2004) Thermoset-acrylic/layered-silicate nanocomposites: synthesis and structure-property relationships. Imperial College London Thesis, London
Tjong SC (2006) Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng R 53:73
Triantafyllidis KS, LeBaron PC et al (2006) Epoxy-clay fabric film composites with unprecedented oxygen-barrier properties. Chem Mater 18:4393
Vanorio T, Prasad M et al (2003) Elastic properties of dry clay mineral aggregates, suspensions and sandstones. Geophys J Int 155:319
Wang ZL (ed) (2001) Characterization of nanophase materials. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Wang Z, Massam J et al (2000) Epoxy-clay nanocomposites. In: Pinnavaia TJ, Beall GW (eds) Polymer-clay nanocomposites. Wiley, Chichester
Warheit DB, Laurence BR et al (2004) Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. Toxicol Sci 77:117
Wetzel B, Rosso P et al (2006) Epoxy nanocomposites – fracture and toughening mechanisms. Eng Fract Mech 73:2375
Xie X-L, Mai Y-W et al (2005) Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: A review. Mater Sci Eng R 49:89
Yasmin A, Daniel IM (2004) Mechanical and thermal properties of graphite platelet/epoxy composites. Polymer 45:8211
Yasmin A, Abot JL et al (2003) Processing of clay/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing. Scr Mater 49:81
Yasmin A, Luo JJ et al (2006a) Mechanical and thermal behavior of clay/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66:2415
Yasmin A, Luo JJ et al (2006b) Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66:1182
Yin M, Koutsky JA et al (1993) Characterization of carbon microfibers as reinforcement for epoxy resins. Chem Mater 5:1024
Zeng MF, Sun XD et al (2007) Effects of SiO2 nanoparticles on the performance of carboxyl-randomized liquid butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber modified epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 106:1347
Zhang H, Zhang Z et al (2006) Property improvements of in situ epoxy nanocomposites with reduced interparticle distance at high nanosilica content. Acta Mater 54:1833
Zhang W, Picu RC et al (2007) Suppression of fatigue crack growth in carbon nanotube composites. Appl Phys Lett 91:193109
Zhou Y, Pervin F et al (2007) Effect vapor grown carbon nanofiber on thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy. J Mater Sci 42:7544
Zhu YQ, Kroto HW et al (2002) A systematic study of ceramic nanostructures generated by arc discharge. Chem Phys Lett 365:457
Zunjarrao S, Sriraman R et al (2006) Effect of processing parameters and clay volume fraction on the mechanical properties of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 41:2219
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Taylor, A.C. (2017). Adhesives with Nanoparticles. In: da Silva, L., Öchsner, A., Adams, R. (eds) Handbook of Adhesion Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42087-5_55-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42087-5_55-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42087-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42087-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering