Table 1 Gold nanoparticle based molecular diagnostics
Detection technique | Nucleic acid target | Biological target | Sample amplification vs. direct detection | Detection limit | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorimetric (non-cross-linking aggregation) | |||||
Naked eye, UV–vis spectroscopy or optical monitoring system | DNA | Human | PCR | 600 pM | Sato et al. [93] |
DNA | Human | PCR | 0.1 pmol | Qin and Yung [94] | |
DNA | Human | PCR | 18 ng/μl | Doria et al. [35] | |
DNA | Human | AsPCR | 10 pg | Deng et al. [95] | |
RNA | Human | Direct detection | 10 ng/μl | Conde et al. [33] | |
DNA | M. tuberculosis spp. | Direct detection | 2 ng/μl | Liandris et al. [31] | |
DNA | Chlamydia sp. | PCR | – | Jung et al. [96] | |
DNA | MTBC | PCR | 0.75 ug | Baptista et al. [21] Costa et al. [24]; Veigas et al. [22, 23]; Silva et al. [27]; Bernacka-Wojcik et al. [25] | |
DNA | E. coli | Direct detection | 54 ng | Padmavathy et al. [32] | |
RNA | S. typhimurium | NASBA | – | Mollasalehi and Yazdanparast [29] | |
RNA | S. Enteritidis; S. Typhimurium | NASBA | 5 CFUs | Mollasalehi and Yazdanparast [30] | |
Colorimetric (cross-linking aggregation) | |||||
Light scattering imaging | DNA | Human | SBE | – | Storhoff et al. [97] |
DNA | MRSA | Direct detection | 33 fM | Storhoff et al. [8] | |
DNA | HIV; M. Tuberculosis; B. glucanase | Direct detection | 80 pM | Wei He et al. [9] | |
DNA; RNA | C. parvum | PCR; RT-PCR | 10 amol | Javier et al. [10] | |
Naked eye, UV–vis spectroscopy or optical monitoring system | DNA | Human | PCR | – | Qin et al. [98] |
DNA | Human | RCA | 70 fM | Li et al. [99] | |
DNA | MTBC | PCR | 0.5 pmol | Soo et al. [13] | |
DNA | C. trachomatis | PCR | 250 pM | Parab et al. [18] | |
DNA | C. trachomatis | iTPA | 102 copies of Plasmid DNA | Jung et al. [15] | |
DNA | P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; S. epidermidis; K. pneumonia; S. marcescens; B. cereus | PCR | Wang et al. [19] | ||
DNA | N. gonorrhoeae; T. pallidum; P. falciparum; HBV vírus | Non-enzimatic (MNAzyme) | 1 nM | Zagorovsky and Chan [20] | |
DNA | Salmonella sp | Direct detection | 37 fM | Kalidasan et al. [16] | |
RNA | M. Tuberculosis | NASBA | 10 CPU/mL | Gill et al. [12] | |
RNA | C. parvum | Direct detection | 1.2 × 107 copies/μL | Weigum et al. [11] | |
DNA | HPV | AsPCR | 14 pM | Chen et al. [14] | |
DNA | Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus | Direct detection | 1 nM | Mancuso et al. [17] | |
Colorimetric (sandwich assay) | |||||
Colorimetric detection using gold label silver stain | DNA | U. urealyticum; C. trachomatis | Multiplex asPCR | 5 pM | Cao et al. [38] |
Naked eye or CCD camera (sandwich hybridization) | DNA | HBV | PCR | 10 pM | Xi et al. [100] |
Colorimetric detection using gold label silver stain – micro array | DNA | Human | Direct detection | 0.5 ug | Bao et al. [101] |
DNA | Human | Direct detection | 1 ug | Lefferts et al. [90] | |
RNA | Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) | Direct detection | 0.1 pM | Zhao et al. [41] | |
Lateral flow test strips | DNA | Human | PCR | 50 pM | Mao et al. [102] |
DNA | Human | PCR or PEXT | – | Litos et al. [103] | |
miRNA | Human | Direct detection | 1 fmol, 5 amol | Hou et al. [89] | |
DNA | V. cholerae | PCR | 5 ng | Chua et al. [87] | |
DNA | E. coli | Direct detection | ~0.4 nM | Rastogi et al. [40] | |
RNA | HIV-1 | NASBA | 9.5 log10 RNA copies in 20 mL | Rohrman et al. [88] | |
Colorimetric (unmodified AuNPs) | |||||
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) | DNA | Human | PCR | 10 nM | Li et al. [49] |
Naked eye or optical monitoring system | DNA | Human | Direct detection | – | Tan et al. [104] |
DNA | Human | Direct detection | 6 nM | Chang et al. [105] | |
DNA | MTBC | PCR | 1 ng | Hussain et al. [106] | |
DNA | HBV | Direct detection | 5 nM | Liu et al. [52] | |
DNA | B. anthracis | AsPCR | 0.1 pmol | Deng et al. [54] | |
RNA-DNA | HIV-1 | Enzymatic activity (HIV-1 RT) | – | Xie et al. [53] | |
RNA | HCV | Direct detection | <100 fM | Shawky et al. [51] | |
Fluorescence spectroscopy | |||||
Fluorescence spectroscopy Surface-energy transfer (NSET) | DNA | Human | Direct detection | 1 nM | Beni et al. [64] |
DNA | Human | ARMS | 0.5 nM | Beni et al. [65] | |
DNA | Human | Direct detection | 5–10 nM | Wang et al. [67] | |
RNA | Human | RT-PCR | 10.3 fmol | Rosa et al. [107] | |
cDNA | HAV; HCV; West Nile; HIV; SARS | RT-PCR | – | Sha et al. [108] | |
DNA | S. enterica serovar Enteritidis | PCR | 1 ng/mL | Zhang et al. [61] | |
RNA | HCV | Direct detection | 0.3 fM | Griffin et al. [50] | |
Raman spectroscopy | |||||
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) | DNA | Human | SBE | 3 pM | Hu and Zhang [109] |
RNA | Human | RT-PCR | 2.3 pM | Sun and Irudayaraj [110] | |
DNA | HIV-1 | Direct detection | 0.1 aM | Hu et al. [70] | |
DNA/RNA | HAV; HBV; HIV; Ebola virus; Variola virus; B. anthracis | Direct detection | 20 fM | Cao et al. [69] | |
Piezoelectric | |||||
DNA probe functionalized quartz crystal microbalance | DNA | E. coli | PCR | 1.2×102 CFU/mL | Chen et al. [72] |
DNA | E. coli | AsPCR | 2.0×103 CFU/mL | Wang et al. [73] | |
DNA | B. anthracis | AsPCR | 3.5 × 102 CFU/mL | Hao et al. [74] | |
Electrochemical | |||||
Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry on screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) chips) | DNA | B. anthraci; S. enteritidis | PCR | 0.5 ng/mL for S. enteritidis; 50 pg/mL for B. anthracis | Zhang et al. [78] |
Automated System (Light scattering imaging) | DNA | Mycobacterium spp. | Direct detection | 1.25 ng/mL | Thiruppathiraja et al. [79] |
Differential pulse voltammetry | DNA | S. enterica serovar Enteritidis | Direct detection | 7 ng/mL | Vetrone et al. [80] |
Electrocatalytic signal amplification of AuNPs | cDNA | HCV | RT-PCR | – | Li et al. [111] |
Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry | DNA | Human | PCR | – | Ozsoz et al. [112] |
DNA | V. cholerae | AsPCR | 3.9 nM | Low et al. [113] | |
Other | |||||
Automated System (Light scattering imaging) | DNA | Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; respiratory syncytial virus A and B | PCR | – | Jannetto et al. [114] |
Bio-MassCode mass spectrometry | DNA | HIV; HBV; HCV; T. pallidum | Direct detection | 10−18 M | Yang et al. [115] |