State of Knowledge and Current Debates
About 45,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans migrated into Europe, and a few thousand years later Neanderthal populations had completely vanished from Europe. This replacement of the local populations by anatomically modern humans also happened in the rest of Eurasia. It explains why today we are the only human species on the planet when Hominin groups flourished for several million years.
The Châtelperronian industry (Châtelperronien or Castelperronien in French) is considered to be the very last behavioral testimony of Neanderthals in France and northern Spain. For a few millennia, Neanderthals switched to systematic blade production, focused on stone knives that could also be used as projectile points, and in some instances produced domestic bone tools and used black and red pigments as well as personal ornaments.
What appears to be a brief episode, compared to other Late Pleistocene industries, is indeed often considered as a Neanderthal
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Soressi, M., Roussel, M. (2014). European Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transitional Industries: Châtelperronian. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1852
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