Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Prefrontal Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Cognitive deficits are a key and persistent feature of schizophrenia. A large neurophysiological and neuropsychological literature has highlighted the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices in mediating a number of these cognitive deficits, which include the executive functioning domains of working memory, error monitoring, and response inhibition. Many of these deficits appear to arise from abnormal GABAergic cells and their interaction with glutamatergic systems. Patients with schizophrenia also have profound deficits in social aspects of cognition, mainly subserved by orbitofrontal brain regions. However, these deficits are only poorly understood, and their neural basis remains elusive. In this chapter, we review behavioral, neuroimaging, and pharmacogenetic evidence for the role of dorsofrontal brain regions in executive dysfunction in schizophrenia. We then turn to a discussion of the role of inferior frontal cortex abnormalities and their relevance to social cognition including facial emotional processing, decision-making, theory of mind deficits, and impulsivity and aggression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 249.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ACC:

Anterior cingulated cortex

AX-CPT:

AX-Continuous Performance Test

BOLD:

Blood-oxygen-level dependent

COMT:

Catechol – O-methyltransferase

CPT:

Continuous Performance Test

CSF:

Cerebrospinal Fluid

dACC:

Dorsal Anterior Cingulate

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

DMN:

Default Mode Network

dMPFC:

Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex

DTI:

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

ERP:

Event-related potential

FA:

Fractional Anisotropy

fMRI:

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

GAD:

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

5-HIAA:

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

5-HT1A:

Serotonin receptor 1A

5-HT:

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

5-HTTPLR:

Serotonin transporter polymorphism

MAOA:

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor A

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartic acid

OFC:

Orbitofrontal Cortex

PCP:

Phencyclidine

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PFC:

Prefrontal Cortex

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

TOM:

Theory of Mind

TPH:

Tryptophan hydroxylase

vlPFC:

Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

WCST:

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

WM:

White Matter

References

  • Abdul-Monim Z, Reynolds GP, Neill JC. 2006. The effect of atypical and classical antipsychotics on sub-chronic PCP-induced cognitive deficits in a reversal-learning paradigm. Behav Brain Res 169: 263–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agartz I, Andersson JLR, Skare S. 2001. Abnormal brain white matter in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 12: 2251–2254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hagman JO, Tafazzoli A, et al. 1995. Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52: 258–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SW, Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. 1999. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2: 1032–1037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci AS, Gansler DA, Tan S, Bhadelia R, Patz S, et al. 2006. Orbitofrontal correlates of aggression and impulsivity in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 147: 213–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardekani BA, Nierenberg J, Hoptman MJ, Javitt DC, Lim KO. 2003. MRI study of white matter diffusion anisotropy in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 14: 2025–2029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asberg M. 1976. Treatment of depression with tricyclic drugs–pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 9: 18–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asberg M, Thoren P, Traskman L, Bertilsson L, Ringberger V. 1976. “Serotonin depression”–a biochemical subgroup within the affective disorders? Science 191: 478–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley A. 1981. The concept of working memory: A view of its current state and probable future development. Cognition 10: 17–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar M, Kassam KS, Ghuman AS, Boshyan J, Schmid AM, et al. 2006. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 449–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barch DM, Carter CS. 2005. Amphetamine improves cognitive function in medicated individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. Schizophr Res 77: 43–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barch DM, Carter CS, Braver TS, Sabb FW, MacDonald A III, et al. 2001. Selective deficits in prefrontal cortex function in medication-naive patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 280–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkataki I, Kumari V, Das M, Taylor P, Sharma T. 2006. Volumetric structural brain abnormalities in men with schizophrenia or antisocial personality disorder. Behav Brain Res 169: 239–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow K, Grenyer B, IlkiwLavalle O. 2000. Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 34: 967–974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barratt ES, Stanford MS. 1995. Impulsiveness. Costello CG, editor. Personality Characteristics of the Personality Disordered. Wiley; pp. New York: 91–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassarath L. 2001. Neuroimaging studies of antisocial behavior. Can J Psychiatry 46: 728–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. 2000a. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 10: 295–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR, Lee GP. 1999. Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. J Neurosci 19: 5473–5481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H. 2000b. Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain 123: 2189–2202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman KF, Illowsky BP, Weinberger DR. 1988. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. IV. Further evidence for regional and behavioral specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 616–622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman KF, Zec RF, Weinberger DR. 1986. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attention, and mental effort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 126–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilder RM, Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Wu H, Alvir JM, et al. 1995. Anterior hippocampal volume reductions predict “frontal lobe” dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 17: 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair RJ, Jones L, Clark F, Smith M. 1997. The psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues? Psychophysiology 34: 192–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair RJR, Cipolotti L. 2000. Impaired social response reversal: A case of ‘acquired sociopathy’. Brain 123: 1122–1141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B, Falkai P, Haupts M, Greve B, Ernst S, et al. 1990. Post-mortem volume measurements of limbic system and basal ganglia structures in chronic schizophrenics: Initial results from a new brain collection. Schizophr Res 3: 295–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B, Lieberman JA, Ashtari M, Bilder RM, Degreef G, et al. 1993. Hippocampus-amygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 33: 236–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braver TS, Barch DM, Cohen JD. 1999. Cognition and control in schizophrenia: A computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function. Biol Psychiatry 46: 312–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GL, Ebert MH, Goyer PF, Jimerson DC, Klein WJ, et al. 1982. Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: Relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiatry 139: 741–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GL, Goodwin FK, Ballenger JC, Goyer PF, Major LF. 1979. Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Res 1: 131–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brune M. 2005. Emotion recognition, ‘theory of mind,’ and social behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 133: 135–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet-Gouet E, Decety J. 2006. Social brain dysfunctions in schizophrenia: A review of neuroimaging studies. Psychiatry Res 148: 75–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchsbaum MS, Friedman J, Buchsbaum BR, Chu KW, Hazlett EA, et al. 2006. Diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 60: 1181–1187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchsbaum MS, Tang CY, Peled S, Gudbjartsson H, Lu D, et al. 1998. MRI white matter diffusion anisotropy and PET metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 9: 425–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Verchinski BA, Marenco S, Egan MF, et al. 2003. Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: More than up or down. Am J Psychiatry 160: 2209–2215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter C, Macdonald AM, Botvinick M, Ross LL, Stenger VA, et al. 2000. Parsing executive processes: Strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 1944–1948.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter CS, Barch DM. 2007. Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: The CNTRICS initiative. Schizophr Bull 33: 1131–1137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Milham MP, Tannock R. 2006. Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends Cogn Sci 10: 117–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakos M, Shirakawa O, Lieberman J, Lee H, Bilder R, et al. 1998. Striatal enlargement in rats chronically treated with neuroleptic. Biol Psychiatry 44: 675–684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakos MH, Lieberman JA, Alvir J, Bilder R, Ashtari M. 1995. Caudate nuclei volumes in schizophrenic patients treated with typical antipsychotics or clozapine. Lancet 345: 456–457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakos MH, Lieberman JA, Bilder RM, Borenstein M, Lerner G, et al. 1994. Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 151: 1430–1436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho RY, Konecky RO, Carter CS. 2006. Impairments in frontal cortical gamma synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 19878–19883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleare AJ, Bond AJ. 2000. Isapirone challenge in aggressive men shows an inverse correlation between 5-HT1A receptor function and aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 148: 344–349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb SR, Buhl EH, Halasy K, Paulsen O, Somogyi P. 1995. Synchronization of neuronal activity in hippocampus by individual GABAergic interneurons. Nature 378: 75–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coccaro EF, Gabriel S, Siever LJ. 1990. Buspirone challenge: Preliminary evidence for a role for central 5-HT1a receptor function in impulsive aggressive behavior in humans. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 393–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coccaro EF, Siever LJ, Klar HM, Maurer G, Cochrane K, et al. 1989. Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders: Correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 587–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JD, Barch DM, Carter C, Servan-Schreiber D. 1999a. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. J Abnorm Psychol 108: 120–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JD, Barch DM, Carter C, Servan-Schreiber D. 1999b. Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. J Abnorm Psychol 108: 120–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JD, Braver TS, O’Reilly RC. 1996. A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: Recent developments and current challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351: 1515–1527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D. 1992. Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychol Rev 99: 45–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D. 1993. A theory of dopamine function and its role in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19: 85–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Convit A, Douyon R, Yates K, Smith G, Volavka J, et al. 1996. Fronto-temporal abnormalities in violence. Stoff D, Cairns R, editors. Aggression and Violence: Genetic, Neurobiological, and Biosocial Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Hillside, NJ:pp. 169–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cools R, Barker RA, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. 2001. Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 124: 2503–2512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cools R, Clark L, Owen AM, Robbins TW. 2002. Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 22: 4563–4567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cools R, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Barker RA, Robbins TW. 2007. L-DOPA disrupts activity in the nucleus accumbens during reversal learning in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 32: 180–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock N, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC. 2006. The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene as a candidate for psychiatric phenotypes: Evidence and lessons. Mol Psychiatry 11: 446–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio H, Grabowski T, Frank R, Galaburda AM, Damasio AR. 1994. The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science 264: 1102–1105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL. 2000. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation – A possible prelude to violence. Science 289: 591–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Araujo I, Rolls ET, Kringelbach ML, McGlone F, Phillips N. 2003. Taste-olfactory convergence, and the representation of the pleasantness of flavour, in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci 18: 2059–2068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dias EC, Foxe JJ, Javitt DC. 2003. Changing plans: A high density electrical mapping study of cortical control. Cereb Cortex 13: 701–715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan M. 2002. What neuroimaging tells us about psychopathic disorders. Br J Hosp Med 63: 337–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drabant EM, Hariri AR, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Munoz KE, Mattay VS, et al. 2006. Catechol O-methyltransferase val158met genotype and neural mechanisms related to affective arousal and regulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 1396–1406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwork AJ, Smiley JF, Colibazzi T, Hoptman MJ. 2008. Postmortem and in vivo structural pathology in schizophrenia. Charney DS, Nestler EJ, editors. Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Oxford University Press.New York:

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, et al. 2001. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 6917–6922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elbogen EB, Johnson SC. 2009. The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 152–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott R, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. 2000. Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex 10: 308–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott R, McKenna PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. 1995. Neuropsychological evidence for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 25: 619–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fellows LK, Farah MJ. 2003. Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: Evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain 126: 1830–1837.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fellows LK, Farah MJ. 2005. Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control? Brain 128: 788–796.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankle WG, Narendran R, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Lombardo I, et al. 2005. Serotonin transporter availability in patients with schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography imaging study with [11C]DASB. Biol Psychiatry 57: 1510–1516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara H, Hirao K, Namiki C, Yamada M, Shimizu M, et al. 2007. Anterior cingulate pathology and social cognition in schizophrenia: A study of gray matter, white matter and sulcal morphometry. Neuroimage 36: 1236–1245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glantz LA, Lewis DA. 2000. Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 65–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glantz LA, Lewis DA. 2001. Dendritic spine density in schizophrenia and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goghari VM, Rehm K, Carter CS, MacDonald AW III. 2007. Regionally specific cortical thinning and gray matter abnormalities in the healthy relatives of schizophrenia patients. Cereb Cortex 17: 415–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gogos JA, Morgan M, Luine V, Santha M, Ogawa S, et al. 1998. Catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit sexually dimorphic changes in catecholamine levels and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 9991–9996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Gscheidle T, Coppola R, Weickert T, et al. 2003. Executive subprocesses in working memory: Relationships to catechol-o-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 889–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic PS. 1987. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational knowledge. Plum F, Mountcastle V, editors. Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System V. American Physiological Society; pp. Bethesda, MD: 373–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic PS. 1994. Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6: 348–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green MF. 2006. Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67(Suppl. 9): 3–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greene JD, Sommerville RB, Nystrom LE, Marley JM, Cohen JD. 2001. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293: 2105–2108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gusnard DA, Akbudak E, Shulman GL, Raichle ME. 2001. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 4259–4264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall J, Harris JM, Sprengelmeyer R, Sprengelmeyer A, Young AW, et al. 2004. Social cognition and face processing in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 185: 169–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han DH, Park DB, Na C, Kee BS, Lee YS. 2004. Association of aggressive behavior in Korean male schizophrenic patients with polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter promoter and catecholamine-O-methyltransferase genes 142. Psychiatry Res 129: 29–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hare RD. 1981. Psychopathy and violence. Hayes JR, Roberts TK, Solway KS, editors. Violence and the Violent Individual. : Spectrum Publications;Jamaica, NY pp. 53–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare RD. 1999. Psychopathy as a risk factor for violence. Psychiatr Q 70: 181–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Mattay VS, et al. 2005. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 146–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow JM. 1868. Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Publs Mass Med Soc 2: 329–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart SD. 1998. Psychopathy and risk for violence. Cooke DJ, Forth AE, Hare RD, editors. Psychopathy: Theory, Research and Implications for Society. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Boston: pp. 355–373.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto T, Volk DW, Eggan SM, Mirnics K, Pierri JN, et al. 2003. Gene expression deficits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. J Neurosci 23: 6315–6326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen Y, Beckmann H. 1991. Cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia in schizophrenia: A volumetric postmortem study. Biol Psychiatry 29: 556–566.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill JF, Templeman R, Wong S, Hare RD. 1998. Psychopathy and crime: Recidivism and criminal careers. Cooke DJ, Forth AE, Hare RD, editors. Psychopathy: Theory, Research and Implications for Society. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Boston: pp. 375–399.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ho BC, Wassink TH, O’Leary DS, Sheffield VC, Andreasen NC. 2005. Catechol-O-methyl transferase Val158Met gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: Working memory, frontal lobe MRI morphology and frontal cerebral blood flow. Mol Psychiatry 10: 229, 287–229, 298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekert M, Kahn RS, Pijnenborg M, Aleman A. 2007. Impaired recognition and expression of emotional prosody in schizophrenia: Review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 96: 135–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Czobor P, Gerig G, Chakos M, et al. 2006. Aggression and quantitative MRI measures of caudate in chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 18: 509–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Johnson G, Weiss E, Bilder RM, et al. 2002. Frontal white matter, aggression and impulsivity in men with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 52: 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Weiss EM, Czobor P, Szeszko PR, et al. 2005. Quantitative MRI measures of orbitofrontal cortex in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 140: 133–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard MW, Rizzuto DS, Caplan JB, Madsen JR, Lisman J, et al. 2003. Gamma oscillations correlate with working memory load in humans. Cereb Cortex 13: 1369–1374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Idris NF, Repeto P, Neill JC, Large CH. 2005. Investigation of the effects of lamotrigine and clozapine in improving reversal-learning impairments induced by acute phencyclidine and D-amphetamine in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179: 336–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Shelley AM, Silipo G, Lieberman JA. 2000. Deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: Defining the pattern. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 1131–1137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Zukin SR. 1991. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 148: 1301–1308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Job DE, Whalley HC, McConnell S, Glabus M, Johnstone EC, et al. 2003. Voxel-based morphometry of grey matter densities in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 64: 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe RS, Roitman SE, Harvey PD, Blum CS, DuPre RL, et al. 1995. A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: Spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 17: 25–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW III, Cho RY, Stenger VA, et al. 2004. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303: 1023–1026.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW III, Johnson MK, Stenger VA, et al. 2005. Decreased conflict- and error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1833–1839.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavan MS, Bagwell WW, Haas GL, Sweeney JA, Schooler NR, et al. 1994. Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment. Lancet 344: 1434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehl KA, Liddle PF, Hopfinger JB. 2000. Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate: An event-related fMRI study. Psychophysiology 37: 216–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolluri N, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA. 2005. Lamina-specific reductions in dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1200–1202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler M, Barak P, Cohen H, Averbuch IE, Grinshpoon A, et al. 1999. Homicidal behavior in schizophrenia associated with a genetic polymorphism determining low catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 88: 628–633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krain AL, Wilson AM, Arbuckle R, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. 2006. Distinct neural mechanisms of risk and ambiguity: A meta-analysis of decision-making. Neuroimage 32: 477–484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krakowski M. 1997. Neurologic and neuropsychologic correlates of violence. Psychiatr Ann 27: 674–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kveraga K, Boshyan J, Bar M. 2007. Magnocellular projections as the trigger of top-down facilitation in recognition. J Neurosci 27: 13232–13240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachman HM, Nolan KA, Mohr P, Saito T, Volavka J. 1998. Association between catechol o-methyltransferase genotype and violence in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155: 835–837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, et al. 1996. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: Description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders 47. Pharmacogenetics 6: 243–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laruelle M, Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A. 2003. Glutamate, dopamine, and schizophrenia: From pathophysiology to treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003: 138–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Kim YT, Seo E, Park O, Jeong SH, et al. 2007. Dissociation of emotional decision-making from cognitive decision-making in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 152: 113–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leitman DI, Foxe JJ, Butler PD, Saperstein A, Revheim N, et al. 2005. Sensory contributions to impaired prosodic processing in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 58: 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitman DI, Hoptman MJ, Foxe JJ, Saccente E, Wylie GR, et al. 2007. The neural substrates of impaired prosodic detection in schizophrenia and its sensorial antecedents. Am J Psychiatry 164: 474–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leitman DI, Ziwich R, Pasternak R, Javitt DC. 2006. Theory of Mind (ToM) and counterfactuality deficits in schizophrenia: Misperception or misinterpretation? Psychol Med 36: 1075–1083.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DA. 1998. Chandelier cells: Shedding light on altered cortical circuitry in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 3: 468–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DA, Cruz DA, Melchitzky DS, Pierri JN. 2001. Lamina-specific deficits in parvalbumin-immunoreactive varicosities in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia: Evidence for fewer projections from the thalamus. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1411–1422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DA, Glantz LA, Pierri JN, Sweet RA. 2003. Altered cortical glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia: Evidence from morphological studies of pyramidal neurons. Ann NY Acad Sci 1003: 102–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Volk DW. 2005. Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 6: 312–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle PF, Kiehl KA, Smith AM. 2001. Event-related fMRI study of response inhibition. Hum Brain Mapp 12: 100–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim KO, Ardekani BA, Nierenberg J, Butler PD, Javitt DC, et al. 2006. Voxelwise correlational analyses of white matter integrity in multiple cognitive domains in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 163: 2008–2010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim KO, Hedehus M, Moseley M, de Crespigny A, Sullivan EV, et al. 1999. Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 367–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linnoila M, DeJong J, Virkkunen M. 1989. Family history of alcoholism in violent offenders and fire setters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 613–616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linnoila M, Virkkunen M, Scheinin M, Nuutila A, Rimon R, et al. 1983. Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Sci 13: 2609–2614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald AW, III, Carter CS. 2002. Cognitive experimental approaches to investigating impaired cognition in schizophrenia: A paradigm shift. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24: 873–882.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald AW, III, Carter CS. 2003. Event-related FMRI study of context processing in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 112: 689–697.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magno E, Foxe JJ, Molholm S, Robertson IH, Garavan H. 2006. The anterior cingulate and error avoidance. J Neurosci 26: 4769–4773.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra AK, Kestler LJ, Mazzanti C, Bates JA, Goldberg T, et al. 2002. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. Am J Psychiatry 159: 652–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manoach DS. 2003. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: Reconciling discrepant findings. Schizophr Res 60: 285–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manoach DS, Gollub RL, Benson EL, Searl MM, Goff DC, et al. 2000. Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance. Biol Psychiatry 48: 99–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marjoram D, Job DE, Whalley HC, Gountouna VE, McIntosh AM, et al. 2006. A visual joke fMRI investigation into Theory of Mind and enhanced risk of schizophrenia. Neuroimage 31: 1850–1858.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh AM, Baig BJ, Hall J, Job D, Whalley HC, et al. 2007. Relationship of catechol-O-methyltransferase variants to brain structure and function in a population at high risk of psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 61: 1127–1134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW, Kolachana B, Hariri R, Pezawas L, et al. 2006. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 6269–6274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller EK. 2001. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Ann Rev Neurosci 24: 167–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell DGV, Colledge E, Leonard A, Blair RJR. 2003. Risky decisions and response reversal: Is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic indivduals? Neuropsychologia 40: 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam B, Jackson ME. 2003. Glutamatergic animal models of schizophrenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1003: 131–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen DA, Goldman D, Virkkunen M, Tokola R, Rawlings R, et al. 1994. Suicidality and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration associated with a tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51: 34–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen DA, Virkkunen M, Lappalainen J, Eggert M, Brown GL, et al. 1998. A tryptophan hydroxylase gene marker for suidality and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 593–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan KA, Bilder RM, Lachman HM, Volavka J. 2004. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism in schizophrenia: Differential effects of val and met alleles on cognitive stability and flexibility. Am J Psychiatry 161: 359–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan KA, Volavka J, Czobor P, Cseh A, Lachman H, et al. 2001. Suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia is related to COMT polymorphism. Psychiatr Genet 10: 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan KA, Volavka J, Lachman HM, Saito T. 2000. An association between a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene and aggression in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatr Genet 10: 109–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Doherty J, Kringelbach ML, Rolls ET, Hornak J, Andrews C. 2001. Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 4: 95–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi T, Hashimoto R, Mori T, Nemoto K, Moriguchi Y, et al. 2006. The association between the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene and morphological abnormalities of the brain in chronic schizophrenia. Brain 129: 399–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen C, Taratello C, Jones M, Tennant C. 1999. Violence and aggression in psychiatric units. Psychiatr Serv 49: 1452–1457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantelis C, Barber FZ, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE, Owen AM, et al. 1999. Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage. Schizophr Res 37: 251–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Holzman PS. 1992. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 975–982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penn DL, Corrigan PW, Bentall RP, Racenstein JM, Newman L. 1997. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychol Bull 121: 114–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlstein WM, Carter CS, Noll DC, Cohen JD. 2001. Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1105–1113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlstein WM, Dixit NK, Carter CS, Noll DC, Cohen JD. 2003. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction mediates deficits in working memory and prepotent responding in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 53: 25–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierri JN, Chaudry AS, Woo TU, Lewis DA. 1999. Alterations in chandelier neuron axon terminals in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1709–1719.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierri JN, Volk CL, Auh S, Sampson A, Lewis DA. 2001. Decreased somal size of deep layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 466–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierri JN, Volk CL, Auh S, Sampson A, Lewis DA. 2003. Somal size of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia: Differential effects across neuronal subpopulations. Biol Psychiatry 54: 111–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, et al. 2001. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 676–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Buchsbaum M, LaCasse L. 1997. Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 42: 495–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Buchsbaum MS, Stanley J, Lottenberg S, Abel L, et al. 1994. Selective reductions in prefrontal glucose metabolism in murderers. Biol Psychiatry 36: 365–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P. 2000. Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 119–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Lencz T, Taylor K, Hellige JB, Bihrle S, et al. 2003. Corpus callosum abnormalities in psychopathic antisocial individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 1134–1142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raine A, Meloy JR, Bihrle S, Stoddard J, LaCasse L, et al. 1998. Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers. Behav Sci Law 16: 319–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richell RA, Mitchell DG, Newman C, Leonard A, Baron-Cohen S, et al. 2003. Theory of mind and psychopathy: Can psychopathic individuals read the ‘language of the eyes’? Neuropsychologia 41: 523–526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls ET. 2006. Brain mechanisms underlying flavour and appetite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361: 1123–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls ET, Hornak J, Wade D, McGrath J. 1994. Emotion-related learning in patients with social and emotional changes associated with frontal lobe damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57: 1518–1524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosvold HE, Mirsky AF, Sarason I, Bransome ED, Beck LH. 1956. A continuous performance test of brain damage. J Consult Psychol 20: 343–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch N, Spoletini I, Wilke M, Martinotti G, Bria P, et al. 2008. Inferior frontal white matter volume and suicidality in schizophrenia Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 164: 206–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushe TM, Morris RG, Miotto EC, Feigenbaum JD, Woodruff PWR, et al. 1999. Problem-solving and spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia and with focal frontal and temporal lobe lesions. Schizophr Res 37: 21–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa A, Raine A. 1997. Biology of wickedness. Psychiatr Ann 27: 624–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servan-Schreiber D, Cohen JD, Steingard S. 1996. Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context. A test of a theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 1105–1112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Levkovitz Y. 2007. The neuroanatomical basis of affective mentalizing in schizophrenia: Comparison of patients with schizophrenia and patients with localized prefrontal lesions. Schizophr Res 90: 274–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver H, Feldman P, Bilker W, Gur RC. 2003. Working memory deficit as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1809–1816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith EE, Jonides J. 1997. Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cognit Psychol 33: 5–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smolka MN, Schumann G, Wrase J, Grusser SM, Flor H, Mann K. et al. 2005. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 25: 836–842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somogyi P. 1977. A specific ‘axo-axonal’ interneuron in the visual cortex of the rat 1. Brain Res 136: 345–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, Robbins PC, Appelbaum PS, et al. 1998. Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 393–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens D, Charman T, Blair RJ. 2001. Recognition of emotion in facial expressions and vocal tones in children with psychopathic tendencies. J Genet Psychol 162: 201–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous RD, Bark N, Woerner M, Lachman HM. 1997. Lack of association of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 41: 493–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strous RD, Nolan KA, Lapidus R, Diaz L, Saito T, et al. 2003. Aggressive behavior in schizophrenia is associated with the low enzyme activity COMT polymorphism: A replication study. Am J Med Gen B Neuropsychiatr Genet 102B: 29–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson J, Holzer C, III, Ganju V, Tsutumo Jono R. 1990. Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the epidemiologic catchment area survey. Hosp Community Psychiatry 41: 761–770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szeszko PR, Bilder RM, Lencz T, Ashtari M, Goldman RS, et al. 2000. Reduced anterior cingulate gyrus volume correlates with executive dysfunction in men with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 43: 97–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szeszko PR, Bilder RM, Lencz T, Pollack S, Alvir JMaJ, et al. 1999. Investigation of frontal lobe subregions in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 90: 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szeszko PR, Goldberg E, Gunduz-Bruce H, Ashtari M, Robinson D, et al. 2003. Smaller anterior hippocampal formation volume in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160: 2190–2197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O, Peronnet F, Pernier J. 1998. Induced gamma-band activity during the delay of a visual short-term memory task in humans. J Neurosci 18: 4244–4254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tardiff K, Marzuk PM, Leon AC, Portera L, Weiner C. 1997. Violence by patients admitted to a private psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry 154: 88–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor WD, Zuchner S, Payne ME, Messer DF, Doty TJ, et al. 2007. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism and temporal lobe morphometry in healthy adults. Psychiatry Res 155: 173–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenyi T, Herold R, Szili IM, Trixler M. 2002. Schizophrenics show a failure in the decoding of violations of conversational implicatures. Psychopathology 35: 25–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tranel D. 1994. “Acquired sociopathy”: The development of sociopathic behavior following focal brain damage. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 285–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunbridge EM, Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. 2006. Catechol-o-methyltransferase, cognition, and psychosis: Val158Met and beyond. Biol Psychiatry 60: 141–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Haren NE, Bakker SC, Kahn RS. 2008. Genes and structural brain imaging in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21: 161–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vauth R, Rusch N, Wirtz M, Corrigan PW. 2004. Does social cognition influence the relation between neurocognitive deficits and vocational functioning in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 128: 155–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal CN, Rapoport JL, Hayashi KM, Geaga JA, Sui Y, et al. 2006. Dynamically spreading frontal and cingulate deficits mapped in adolescents with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 25–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virkkunen M, Linnoila M. 1990. Serotonin in early onset, male alcoholics with violent behaviour. Ann Med 22: 327–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virkkunen M, Linnoila M. 1992. Psychobiology of violent behavior. Clin Neuropharmacol 15: 233A–234A.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virkkunen M, Nuutila A, Goodwin FK, Linnoila M. 1987a. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels in male arsonists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virkkunen M, Nuutila A, Goodwin FK, Linnoila M. 1987b. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels in male arsonists [published erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Oct; 46(10):960]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volavka J. 2002. Neurobiology of Violence, 2nd edn. APA Publishing.Washington, DC:

    Google Scholar 

  • Volavka J, Kennedy JL, Ni X, Czobor P, Nolan K, et al. 2004. COMT158 polymorphism and hostility. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 127: 28–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volk DW, Pierri JN, Fritschy JM, Auh S, Sampson AR, et al. 2002. Reciprocal alterations in pre- and postsynaptic inhibitory markers at chandelier cell inputs to pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 12: 1063–1070.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis JD. 2007. Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making. Annu Rev Neurosci 30: 31–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waltz JA, Gold JM. 2007. Probabilistic reversal learning impairments in schizophrenia: Further evidence of orbitofrontal dysfunction. Schizophr Res 93: 296–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Hosakere M, Trein JC, Miller A, Ratnanather JT, et al. 2007. Abnormalities of cingulate gyrus neuroanatomy in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 93: 66–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler D. 1997. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edn. San Antonio, TX: (WAIS-III), The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zec RF. 1986. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 114–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams HJ, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC. 2007. Is COMT a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 33: 635–641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winterer G, Coppola R, Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Jones DW, et al. 2004. Prefrontal broadband noise, working memory, and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161: 490–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winterer G, Musso F, Vucurevic G, Stoeter P, Konrad A, et al. 2006. COMT genotype predicts BOLD signal and noise characteristics in prefrontal circuits. Neuroimage 32: 1722–1732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winterer G, Weinberger DR. 2004. Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 27: 683–690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo TU, Miller JL, Lewis DA. 1997. Schizophrenia and the parvalbumin-containing class of cortical local circuit neurons. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1013–1015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada M, Hirao K, Namiki C, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, et al. 2007. Social cognition and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: A voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroimage 35: 292–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasue H, Fukui T, Fukuda R, Yamada H, Yamasaki S, et al. 2002. 1H-MR spectroscopy and gray matter volume of the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 13: 2133–2137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zelazo PD, Muller U. 2002. Executive function in typical and atypical development. Goswami U, editor. Handbook of Child Cognitive Development. Blackwell; Oxford: pp. 445–489.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

MJH gratefully acknowledges the support provided by NIMH grant RO1 MH64783.

Authors
  1. M. J. Hoptman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. A. Nolan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, Orangeburg, New York, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA

    Daniel Javitt (Director) (Director)

  3. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA

    Joshua Kantrowitz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Hoptman, M.J., Nolan, K.A. (2009). The Role of Prefrontal Abnormalities in Schizophrenia. In: Lajtha, A., Javitt, D., Kantrowitz, J. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30410-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation