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Mechanisms of Inflammation in HIV-Associated Dementia

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

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Abstract:

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) causes neuropsychiatric impairment in ∼60% of HIV-infected patients (Fischer-Smith and Rappaport, 2005, Expert Rev Mol Med 7(27): 1–26). HIV-1 is the most common viral cause of dementia and HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is the major form of dementia in the USA in the population <60 years old (Janssen, 1992; McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Selnes O, 1999, Semin Neurol 19(2): 129–150). HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) during the early stage of infection (Kramer-Hammerle S, Hahn A, Brack-Werner R, Werner T, 2005, Gene 358: 31–38) and then typically remains latent there for decades. Many factors can contribute to the neuropathology HAD, particularly the inflammatory action of glial cells (Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Rotiroti D, Nistico G, 1998, Biochem Pharmacol 56(2): 153–156; Kaul R, Dong T, Plummer FA, Kimani J, Rostron T, et al., 2001, J Clin Invest 107(10): 1303–1310; Kaul R, Garden GA, Lipton SA, 2001, Nature 410(6831): 988–994). If opportunistic infections have been ruled out as the etiology for neuropsychiatric impairment in HIV-positive patients, major clinical symptoms include deficits in short-term memory and concentration, lower extremity weakness, as well as slowness of hand movement, and depression (Janssen RS, Nwanyanwu OC, Selik RM, Stehr-Green JK, 1992, Neurology 42(8): 1472–1476; Reger M, Welsh R, Razani J, Martin DJ, Boone KB, 2002, J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8(3): 410–424). The terms AIDS dementia complex (ADC), and HAD, are synonymous in describing these symptoms caused by HIV in CNS infection.

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Abbreviations

AZT:

azidothymidine

BBB:

blood–brain barrier

COX-2:

cyclooxygenase-2

CSF:

cerebral spinal fluid

EGCG:

epigallocatechin-3-gallate

5-LOX:

5-lipoxygenase

GM-CSF:

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HAART:

highly active antiretroviral therapy

HAD:

HIV-associated dementia

HIV-1:

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1

α-MSH:

α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

JAKs:

Janus-associated kinases

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MGCs:

multinucleated giant cells

MIP:

macrophage inflammatory proteins

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

OND:

other neurological diseases

PAF:

platelet-activating factor

PBMCs:

peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

PGE 2 :

Prostaglandin E 2

PHS:

prostaglandin H synthase

PKC:

protein kinase C

RT-PCR:

reverse transcriptase-PCR

SCID:

severe combined immunodeficient

STAT:

signal transducer and activator of transcription

TGF:

Tumor growth factor

TNF-Rs:

tumor necrosis factor receptor

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-α

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  1. B. Giunta
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  2. F. Fernandez
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  3. J. Tan
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, New York, Orangeburg, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. The Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry the National Academy of Sciences, 5/1 Sevag str., 375014, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia

    Armen Galoyan

  3. Dept. Immunophysiology Medical Faculty, Inst. of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Deutschhausstrase 2, D–35037, Marburg, Germany

    Hugo O. Besedovsky

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Giunta, B., Fernandez, F., Tan, J. (2008). Mechanisms of Inflammation in HIV-Associated Dementia. In: Lajtha, A., Galoyan, A., Besedovsky, H.O. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30398-7_19

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