Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects on peripheral nerve function

  • Reference work entry
Drug Discovery and Evaluation

  • 320 Accesses

1 G.1 Local anesthetic activity

1.1 G.1.0.1 General considerations

One has to generally distinguish between conduction anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, and surface anesthesia (Fromherz 1922; Schaumann 1938), and special pharmacological tests have been developed for each of these.

The mode of action of local anesthetics has been reviewed by Ritchie and Greengard (1966), Ritchie (1971), Borchard (1977), Steiner (1978), Butterworth and Strichartz (1990).

1.2 G.1.1 Conduction anesthesia

1.2.1 G.1.1.1 Conduction anesthesia in the sciatic nerve of the frog

1.2.1.1 PURPOSE AND RATIONALE

Based on earlier studies by Sollmann (1918), Fromherz (1922), Fuβlgänger and Schaumann (1931), and Bülbring and Wajda (1945) on plexus anesthesia in frogs, Ther (1953a,b, 1958) described a method for conduction anesthesia of the sciatic nerve in frogs.

1.2.1.2 PROCEDURE

Frogs (Rana temporaria) of either sex are used and are kept at 4°C. The frog is decapitated with a pair of scissors. The skin is incised...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

References

  • Borchard U (1979) Studies on the action mechanism and pharmacological characterization of local anesthetics. Habilitation Thesis of the High Faculty of Medicine of the University of Duesseldorf for Attainment of venia legendi. (Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus und zur pharmakologischen Charakterisierung von Lokalanaesthetika. Habilitationsschrift Universität Düsseldorf)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth JF; Strichartz GR (1990) Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia. Anesthesiol 72:711–734

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camougis G, Takman BH (1971) Nerve and nerve-muscle preparations (as applied to local anesthetics) In: Schwartz A (ed) Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 1, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division, Meredith Corp., New York. pp 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromherz K (1922) Über die Wirkung verschiedener Gruppen der Lokalanästhetika im Lichte verschiedener Untersuchungsmethoden. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 93:72–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JM (1971) The mechanism of action of local anesthetic agents. In: Radouco-Thomas C (ed) International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Section 8: Local Anesthetics. (P Lechat, Section editor), Vol 1, pp 131–166, Pergamon Press, Oxford New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JM, Greengard P (1966) On the mode of action of local anesthetics. Ann Rev Pharmacol 6:405–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaumann O (1938) Chemie und Pharmakologie der Lokalanaesthetica. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 190:30–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner R (1978) Zur Pharmakodynamik der Lokalanästhetika. In: Lokalanästhesie (Ahnefeld FW, Bergmann H, Burri C, Dick W, Halmágyi M, Hossli G, Rügheimer R, eds) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 17–23

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Bülbring E, Wajda I (1945) Biological comparison of local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 85:78–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camougis G, Takman BH (1971) Nerve and nerve-muscle preparations (as applied to local anesthetics) In: Schwartz A (ed) Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 1, pp 1–40. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division, Meredith Corp., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromherz K (1922) Über die Wirkung verschiedener Gruppen der Lokalanästhetika im Lichte verschiedener Untersuchungsmethoden. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 93:72–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Fußgänger R, Schaumann O (1931) Über ein neues Lokalanästhetikum der Novokainreihe (Pantokain). Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 160:53–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Idänpään-Heikkilä JJ, Guilbaud G (1999) Pharmacological studies on a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain: baclofen, but not carbamazepine, morphine or tricyclic antidepressants, attenuates the allodynia-like behaviour. Pain 79:281–290

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muschaweck R, Rippel R (1974) Ein neues Lokalanästhetikum (Carticain) aus der Thiophenreihe. Prakt Anästh 9:135–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muschaweck R; Habicht R, Rippel R (1986) Lokalanaesthetica. In: Ehrhart G, Ruschig H (eds) Arzneimittel. Entwicklung — Wirkung — Darstellung. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim. pp 1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Sollmann T (1918) Comparative activity of local anesthetics. II. Paralysis of sensory fibres. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 11:1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953a) Zur Prüfung der lokalanästhetischen Wirkung des Pantocain und des 4-n-Butylaminosalicylsäuredimethyl-aminoaethylesters im Tierversuch. Arzneim Forsch 3:345–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953b) Über ein neues Leitungsanaesthetikum der “Nirvanin”-Reihe mit großer Entgiftungsgeschwindigkeit (Hostacain). Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exper Path Pharmakol 220:300–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1958) Zur pharmakologischen Beurteilung von lokalanaesthetisch wirksamen Substanzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Entgiftung. Medizin und Chemie 6:399–410

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Åkerman B, Hellberg IB, Trossvik C (1988) Primary evaluation of the local anesthetic properties of the amino amide agent ropivacaine (LEA 103). Acta Anesthesiol Scand 32:571–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Åström A, Persson NH (1961) Some pharmacological properties of o-methyl-α-propyl-amino-propionanilide, a new local anesthetic. Br J Pharmacol 16:32–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Camougis G, Takman BH (1971) Nerve and nerve-muscle preparations (as applied to local anesthetics) In: Schwartz A (ed) Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 1, pp 1–40. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division, Meredith Corp., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman HS, Covino BG (1988) Comparative motor-blocking effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine, a new amino amide local anesthetic, in the rat and dog. Anesth Analg 67:1047–1052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant GJ, Vermeulen K, Zakowski MI, Sutin KM, Ramanathan S, Langerman L, Weisman TE, Turndorf H (1992) A rat sciatic nerve model for independent assessment of sensory and motor block induced by local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 75:889–894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lembeck F (1953) Adrenalin, Noradrenalin und Corbasil als Zusatz zu Novocain. Arch exp Path Pharmacol 217:274–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leszczynska K, Kau ST (1992) A sciatic nerve blockade method to differentiate drug-induced local anesthesia from neuromuscular blockade in mice. J Pharm Toxicol Meth 27:85–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luduena FP, Hoppe JO (1952) Local anaesthetic activity, toxicity and irritancy of 2-alkoxy analogs of procaine and tetracaine. J Pharm Exp Ther 104:40–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markham A, Faulds D (1996) Ropivacaine. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in regional anaesthesia. Drugs 52:429–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg PH, Heinonen E (1983) Differential sensitivity of A and C nerve fibres to long-acting local anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 55:163–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siems KJ, Soehring K (1952) Die Ausschaltung sensibler Nerven durch peridurale und paravertebrale Injektion von Alkylpolyäthylenoxyd-äthern bei Meerschweinchen. Arzneim Forsch 2:109–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Local Anesthetics for Neuralgia Study Group (Riopelle JM, Coordinator) (1994) A surgically implantable nerve irrigation system for intermittent delivery of dissolved drugs: evaluation of long-term performance and histocompatibility in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 31:221–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Thut PD, Turner, MD, Cordes CT, Wynn RL (1995) A rabbit tooth-pulp assay to quantify efficacy and duration of antinociception by local anesthetics infiltrated into maxillary tissues. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:231–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truant AP (1958) Studies on the pharmacology of meprylcaine (Oracaine), a local anesthetic. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 115:483–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truant AP, Wiedling S (1958/59) A contribution to the pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of a new local anaesthetic, dl-N-methylpipecolyl-2,6-xylidide. Acta Chir Scand 116:351–361

    Google Scholar 

References

  • D'Amour FE, Smith DL (1941) A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 72:74–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant GJ, Zakowski MI, Vermeulen K, Langerman L, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H (1993) Assessing local anesthetic effect using the mouse tail flick test. J Pharm Toxicol Meth 29:223–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harkins JD, Mundy GD, Stanley S, Woods WE, Rees WA, Thompson KN, Tobin T (1996) Determination of highest no effect dose (HNED) for local anaesthetic responses to procaine, cocaine, bupivacaine and benzocaine. Equine Vet J 28:30–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harkins JD, Mundy GD, Stanley S, Sams RA, Tobin T (1997) Lack of local anaesthetic efficacy of Sarapin® in the abaxial sesamoid block. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 20:229–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herr F, Nyiri M, Pataky G (1953) Messung der Leitungs-und Infiltrationsanästhesie an Ratten miteiner neuen Methode. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 217:207–216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamerling SG, Weckman TJ, Dequick DJ, Tobin T (1985) A method for studying cutaneous pain perception and analgesia in horses. J Pharmacol Meth 13:267–274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madan BR, Madan V, Pendse VK, Gupta RS (1970) A study of the antiarrhythmic and local anaesthetic actions of phencarbamide. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 185:53–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953a) Zur Prüfung der lokalanästhetischen Wirkung des Pantocain und des 4-n-Butylaminosalicylsäuredimethylaminoaethylesters im Tierversuch. Arzneim Forsch 3:345–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953b) Über ein neues Leitungsanaesthetikum der “Nirvanin”-Reihe mit großer Entgiftungsgeschwindigkeit (Hostacain). Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exper Path Pharmakol 220:300–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L, Lindner E, Vogel G (1963) Zur pharmakodynamischen Wirkung der optischen Isomeren des Methadons. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 103:514–520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedling S (1964) Xylocaine. The pharmacological basis of its clinical use. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, Göteborg, Uppsala. pp 27–46

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Litchfield JT Jr., Wilcoxon F (1949) A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96:99–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piercey MF, Schroeder LA (1980) A quantitative analgesic assay in the rabbit based on response to tooth pulp stimulation. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 248:294–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thut PD, Turner MD, Cordes CT, Wynn RL (1995) A rabbit tooth-pulp assay to quantify efficacy and duration of antinociception by local anesthetics infiltrated into maxillary tissue. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 33:231–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn RL, El'Baghdady YM, Ford RD, Thut PD, Rudo FG (1984) A rabbit tooth-pulp assay to determine ED 50 values and duration of action of analgesics. J Pharmacol Meth 11:109–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yim GKW, Keasling HH, Gross EG, Mitchell CW (1955) Simultaneous respiratory minute volume and tooth pulp threshold changes following levorphan, morphine and levorphan-levallorphan mixtures in rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 115:96–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Defalque RJ, Stoelting VK (1967) Latency and duration of action of common local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 46:311–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Åkerman B, Hellberg IB, Trossvik C (1988) Primary evaluation of the local anesthetic properties of the amino amide agent ropivacaine (LEA 103). Acta Anesthesiol Scand 32:571–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Camougis G, Takman BH (1971) Nerve and nerve-muscle preparations (as applied to local anesthetics) In: Schwartz A (ed) Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 1, pp 1–40. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division, Meredith Corp., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Condouris GA, Lagomarsino WE (1966) Adrenalectomy in rats and its influence on local anesthesia of peripheral nerves. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 152:417–424

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Den Hertog (1974) The effect of carticain on mammalian nonmyelinated nerve fibres. Eur J Pharmacol 26:175–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink BR, Cairns AM (1984) Differential slowing and block of conduction by lidocaine in individual afferent myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Anesthesiology 60:111–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gissen AJ, Covino BG, Gregus J (1980) Differential sensitivities of mammalian nerve fibers to local anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 53:467–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert LA, Lambert DH, Strichartz GR (1994) Irreversible conduction block in isolated nerve by high concentrations of local anesthetics. Anesthesiology 80:1082–1093

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee-Son S, Wang HK, Concus A, Crill E, Strichartz G (1992) Stereoselective inhibition of neuronal sodium channels by local anesthetics. Anesthesiology 77:324–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson JG, Hamilton JT (1970) A nerve chamber bioassay of local anesthetic activity. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 183:360–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JM, Ritchie B, Greengard P (1965a) The active structure of local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 150:152–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie JM, Ritchie B, Greengard P (1965b) The effect of the nerve sheath on the action of local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 150:160–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rud J (1961) Local anesthetics. An electrophysiological investigation of local anesthesia of peripheral nerves with special reference to xylocaine. Acta Physiol Scand 51, Suppl 178:1–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salako LA, Vaughan Williams EM, Wittig JH (1976) Investigations to characterize a new anti-arrhythmic drug, ORG 6001, including a simple test for calcium antagonism. Br J Pharmacol 57:251–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stämpfli R (1968) Voltage-Clamp-Analyse lokalanästhetischer Wirkungen am Ranvier'schen Schürring des Frosches. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 260:P203–P204

    Google Scholar 

  • Stämpfli R, Hille B (1976) Electrophysiology of the peripheral myelinated nerve. In: Llinás R, Precht W (eds) Frog Neurobiology. A Handbook. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. pp 3–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Štolc S, Mai PM (1993) Comparison of local anesthetic activity of pentacaine (trapencaine) and some of its derivatives by three different techniques. Pharmazie 48:210–212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Truant AP (1965) Local anesthetic and toxicological properties of Citanest®. Acta Anesth Scand Suppl XVI:19–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Truant AP, Wiedling S (1958/59) A contribution to the pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of a new local anesthetic, dl-N-methylpipecolyl-2,6-xylidide. Acta Chir Scand 116:351–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherby JH (1964) Local anesthetics. In: Laurence DR, Bacharach AL (eds) Evaluation of Drug Activities: Pharmacometrics. Academic Press, London, New York, pp 205–214

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Butterworth IVJF, Strichartz GR, (1990) Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: a review. Anesthesiology 72:711–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney KR, Kendig JJ, Cohen EN (1978) Frequency-dependent conduction block: the role of nerve impulse pattern in local anesthetic potency. Anesthesiology 48:11–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink BR Cairns AM (1984) Differential slowing and block of conduction by lidocaine in individual afferent myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Anesthesiology 60:11–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Gissen AJ, Covine BG, Gregus J (1980) Differential sensitivities of mammalian nerves to local anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology 53:467–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson U, Näsström J, Berge OG (1994) (±)-CP-96,345, an NK1 receptor antagonist, has localanesthetic-like effects in a mammalian sciatic nerve preparation. Regulatory Peptides 52:39–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildsmith JAW, Gissen AJ, Gregus J, Covino BG (1985) Differential nerve blocking activity of amino-ester local anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 57:612–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • De Jong RH (1980) Editorial views: differential nerve block by local anaesthetics. Anesthesiology 53:443–444

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gissen AJ, Covino BG, Gregus J (1980) Differential sensitivity of mammalian nerves to local anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 53:467–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scurlock JE, Heavener JE, de Jong RH (1975) Differential B and C fibre block by an amide-and an ester-linked local anaesthetic. Br J Anaesth 47:1135–1139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildsmith JAW, Gissen AJ, Gregus J, Covino BG (1985) Differential nerve blocking activity of amino-ester local anaesthetics. Br J Anaesth 57:612–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildsmith JAW, Gissen AJ, Takman B, Covino BG (1987) Differential nerve blockade: esters v. amides and the influence of pKa. Br J Anaesth 59:379–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildsmith JAW, Brown DT, Paul D, Johnson S (1989) Structure-activity relationships in differential nerve block at high and low frequency stimulation. Br J Anaesth 63:444–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Århem P, Frankenhaeuser B (1974) Local anesthetics: effects on permeability properties of nodal membrane in myelinated nerve fibres from Xenopus. Potential clamp experiments. Acta Physiol Scand 91:11–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U (1978) Untersuchungen zum Wirkungsmechanismus und zur pharmakologischen Charakterisierung von Lokalanästhetika. Habilitationsschrift. Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Düsseldorf

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U, Drouin H (1978) Effects of the antituberculous agent ethambutol on myelinated nerve. Eur J Pharmacol 50:307–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U, Drouin H (1980) Carticaine: action of the local anesthetic on myelinated nerve fibres. Eur J Pharmacol 62:73–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall WA (1988) Structure and function of voltage-sensitive ion channels. Science 242:50–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall WA (1992) Cellular and molecular biology of voltage-gated sodium channels. Physiol Rev 72:S15–S48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen SA, Barchi RL (1993) Voltage-dependent sodium channels. Int Rev Cytol 137C:55–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney KR (1975) Mechanism of frequency-dependent inhibition of sodium currents in frog myelinated nerve by the lidocaine derivative GEA 968. J Pharm Exp Ther 195:225–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouin H (1976) Surface charges at nerve membranes. Bioelectrochem Bioenerget 3:222–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouin H, Neumcke (1974) Specific and unspecific charges at the sodium channels of the nerve membrane. Pflügers Arch 351:207–229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hille B (1977a) The pH-dependent rate of action of local anesthetics on the node of Ranvier. J Gen Physiol 69:475–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hille B (1977b) Local anesthetics: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction. J Gen Physiol 69:497–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narahashi T Herman MD (1992) Overview of toxins and drugs to study excitable membrane ion channels: I. Voltage-activated channels. Meth Enzymol 207:620–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nonner W (1969) A new voltage clamp method for Ranvier nodes. Pflügers Arch 309:176–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nonner W, Rojas E, Stämpfli R (1974) Displacement currents in the node of Ranvier. Voltage and time dependence. Pflügers Arch 354:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Stämpfli R (1954) A new method for measuring membrane potentials with external electrodes. Experientia 10:508–509

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stämpfli R (1968) Voltage-Clamp-Analyse lokalanästhetischer Wirkungen am Ranvier'schen Schürring des Frosches. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 260:P203–P204

    Google Scholar 

  • Stämpfli R, Hille B (1976) Electrophysiology of the peripheral myelinated nerve. In: Llinás R, Precht W (eds) Frog Neurobiology. A Handbook. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. pp 3–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub R (1956) Effects of local anesthetics on resting potential of myelinated nerve fibres. Experientia 12:182–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stühmer W (1991) Structure-function studies of voltage-gated ion channels. Annu Rev Biophys Chem 20:65–78

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Bülbring E, Wajda I (1945) Biological comparison of local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 85:78–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camougis G, Takman BH (1971) Nerve and nerve-muscle preparations (as applied to local anesthetics) In: Schwartz A (ed) Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 1, pp 1–40. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division, Meredith Corp., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre AR, Sievers RF (1937) The toxicity and anaesthetic potency of some alkoxy benzoates and related compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 61:107–120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muschaweck R, Rippel R (1974) Ein neues Lokalanästhetikum (Carticain) aus der Thiophenreihe. Prakt Anästh 9:135–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muschaweck R, Habicht R, Rippel R (1986) Lokalanaesthetica. In: Ehrhart G, Ruschig H (eds) Arzneimittel. Entwicklung — Wirkung — Darstellung. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim. pp 1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievers RF, McIntyre AR (1938) The toxicity and anesthetic potency of some new benzoyl derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 62:252–262

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953a) Zur Prüfung der lokalanästhetischen Wirkung des Pantocain und des 4-n-Butylaminosalicylsäuredimethyl-aminoaethylesters im Tierversuch. Arzneim Forsch 3:345–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953b) Über ein neues Leitungsanaesthetikum der “Nirvanin”-Reihe mit großer Entgiftungsgeschwindigkeit (Hostacain). Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exper Path Pharmakol 220:300–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedling S (1964) Xylocaine. The pharmacological basis of its clinical use. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, Göteborg, Uppsala. pp 27–46

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Bartsch W, Knopf KW (1970) Eine modifizierte Methode zur Prüfung der Oberflächenanästhesie an der Kaninchen-Cornea. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 20:1140–1143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camougis G, Takman BH (1971) Nerve and nerve-muscle preparations (as applied to local anesthetics) In: Schwartz A (ed) Methods in Pharmacology, Vol 1, pp 1–40. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Educational Division, Meredith Corp., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Chance MRA, Lobstein H (1944) The value of the guinea pig corneal reflex for tests of surface anaesthesia. J Pharm Exp Ther 82:203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerlough TD (1931) The influence of pH on the activity of certain local anesthetics as measured by the rabbit's cornea method. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 41:307–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geßner O, Klenke J, Wurbs FR (1932) Die Lokalanästhetika Pantokain (I.G. Farben) und Larokain (Roche) im Vergleich zu Novokain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmakol 168:447–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Hotovy R (1956) Messung zentralanalgetischer Wirkungen mit der Régnierschen Methode. Arch Exp Path Pharmakol 228:387–402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muschaweck R; Habicht R, Rippel R (1986) Lokalanaesthetica. In: Ehrhart G, Ruschig H (eds) Arzneimittel. Entwicklung — Wirkung — Darstellung. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim. pp 1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschulz O, Hoffmann I, Popendiker K (1958) Zur Pharmakologie des N-[4-(Phenoxy-methyl)-γ-phenyl-propyl]-morpholin, eines Aminoäthers mit lokalanaesthetischer Wirkung. Arzneim Forsch 8:539–544

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quevauviller A (1971) Experimental methods for comparing local anesthetic activity. In: Radouco-Thomas (ed) International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Section 8: Local Anesthetics (Lechat P, Section editor) Vol I, Pergamon Press, Oxford New York, pp 291–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Régnier MJ (1923) Essai de mesure de l'anesthésie produite sur les terminaisons nerveuses de la cornée par les anesthésiques locaux. Comparaison des pouvoirs anesthésiques de la cocaïne, de la novocaïne et de la stovaïne. C R hebd Scéances Acad Sci 177:558–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Sollmann T (1918) Comparison of activity of local anesthetics. IV. Anesthesia of rabbit's cornea. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 11:17–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Štolc S, Mai PM (1993) Comparison of local anesthetic activity of pentacaine (trapencaine) and some of its derivatives by three different techniques. Pharmazie 48:210–212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953a) Zur Prüfung der lokalanästhetischen Wirkung des Pantocain und des 4-n-Butylaminosalicylsäuredimethyl-aminoaethylesters im Tierversuch. Arzneim Forsch 3:345–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L (1953b) Über ein neues Leitungsanaesthetikum der “Nirvanin”-Reihe mit großer Entgiftungsgeschwindigkeit (Hostacain). Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exper Path Pharmakol 220:300–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L, Mügge F (1953) Über ein neues Oberflächenanaestheticum in der Augenheilkunde (Cornecain). v. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 154:244–252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Frey M (1894) Beiträge zur Physiologie des Schmerzsinns. Ber Sächs Gesellsch Wiss, Leipzig, Math Phys K146:185–195

    Google Scholar 

  • von Frey M (1896) Untersuchungen über die Sinnesfunctionen der menschlichen Haut. Erste Abhandlung: Druckempfindung und Schmerz. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-physischen Classe der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 23:173–266

    Google Scholar 

  • von Frey M (1922) Versuche über schmerzerzeugende Reize. Z Biologie 76:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedling S (1960) Studies on α-n-propylamino-2-methylpropionanilide — a new local anaesthetic. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 17:233–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Åström A, Persson NH (1960) The toxicity of some local anesthetics after application on different mucous membranes and its relation to anesthetic action on the nasal mucosa of the rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 132:87–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieschultz O, Hoffmann I, Popendiker K (1958) Zur Pharmakologie des N-[4-[Phenoxy-methyl)-γ-phenyl-propyl]-morpholin, eines Aminoäthers mit lokalanaesthetischer Wirkung. Arzneim Forsch 8:539–544

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Åkerman B, Hellberg IB, Trossvik C (1988) Primary evaluation of the local anesthetic properties of the amino amide agent ropivacaine (LEA 103). Acta Anesthesiol Scand 32:571–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernyakova IV, Zhukov VN, Osipov SA, Shadiev AS, Skovpen TV (1994) Epidural and conduction anesthesia with azacaine in the experiment. Exp Clin Pharmacol 57:13–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Defalque RJ, Stoelting VK (1966) Latency and duration of action of some local anesthetic mixtures. Anesth Analg 45:106–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman HS, Covino BG (1988) Comparative motor-blocking effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine, a new amino amide local anesthetic, in the rat and dog. Anesth Analg 67:1047–1052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes PJ, Doherty MM, Charman WN (1993) A rabbit model for the evaluation of epidurally administered local anaesthetics. Anaesth Intens Care 21:298–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siems KJ, Soehring K (1952) Die Ausschaltung sensibler Nerven durch peridurale und paravertebrale Injektion von Alkyl-poly-äthylenoxyd-äthern bei Meerschweinchen. Arzneim Forsch 2:109–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Åkerman B (1985) A methodological study of spinal (subarachnoid) anesthesia in the rat and mouse. Br J Anesth 57:329–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Åkerman B, Hellberg IB, Trossvik C (1988a) Primary evaluation of the local anesthetic properties of the amino amide agent ropivacaine (LEA 103). Acta Anesthesiol Scand 32:571–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Åkerman B, Arweström E, Post C (1988b) Local anesthetics potentiate spinal morphine antinociception. Anesth Analg 67:943–948

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bahar M, Nunn JF, Rosen M, Flecknell P (1984) Differential sensory and motor blockade after spinal cocaine in the rat and marmoset. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1:31–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieter RN, Cunningham RW, Lenz OA, McNearney JJ (1936) Threshold anesthetic and lethal concentrations of certain spinal anesthetics in the rabbit. J Pharm Exper Ther 57:221–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole DJ, Lin DM, Drummond JC, Shapiro HM (1990) Spinal tetracaine decreases central nervous system metabolisms during somatosensory stimulation in the rat. Can J Anesth 37:231–237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denson DD, Bridenbaugh PO, Phero JC, Raj PP, Turner PA, Ohlweiler DF (1981) Evaluation of lidocaine spinal anesthesia in the Rhesus monkey. Anesth Analg 10:756–759

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohi S, Takeshima R, Naito H (1987) Spinal cord blood flow during spinal anesthesia in dogs: the effects of tetracaine, epinephrine, acute blood loss, and hypercapnia. Anesth Analg 66:599–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman HS, Covino BG (1981) A chronic model for investigation of experimental spinal anesthesia in the dog. Anesthesiology 54:148–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden JLK, Wilcox GL (1980) Intrathecal morphine in mice: a new technique. Eur J Pharmacol 67:313–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ, Cumming RO (1985) Spinal cord flow following subarachnoid tetracaine. Can Anesth Soc J 32:23–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyles AE, Waterman A, Livingston A (1992) Chronic intrathecal catheterization in the sheep. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 27:177–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langerman L, Golomb E, Benita S (1991) Spinal anesthesia: Significant prolongation of the pharmacologic effect of tetracaine with lipid solution of the agent. Anesthesiology 74:105–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langerman L, Bansinath M, Grant GJ (1994) The partition coefficient as a predictor of local anesthetic potency for spinal anesthesia: Evaluation of five local anesthetics in a mouse model. Anesth Analg 79:490–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mestre C, Pélissier T, Fialip J, Wilcox G, Eschalier A (1994) A method to perform direct transcutaneous intrathecal injections in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth 32:197–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omote K, Iwasaki H, Kawamata M, Satoh O, Namiki A (1995) Effects of verapamil on spinal anesthesia with local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 80:444–448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ossipov MH, Suarez LJ, Spaulding TC (1988) A comparison of antinociceptive and behavioral effects of intrathecally administered opiates, α-2-adrenergic agonists, and local anesthetics in mice and rats. Anesth Analg 67:616–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh TL, Rudy TA (1976) Chronic catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space. Physiol Behav 17:1031–1036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Bieter RN, Cunningham RW, Lenz OA, McNearney JJ (1936) Threshold anesthetic and lethal concentrations of certain spinal anesthetics in the rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 57:221–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdyga TV, Magura IS (1986) The effects of local anaesthetics on the electrical and mechanical activity of the guinea-pig ureter. Br J Pharmacol 88:523–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak H, Manson MH (1930) Technique of spinal anesthesia in the dog. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 28:344–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales E, Luduena FP (1961) Experimental spinal anaesthesia produced by members of a homologous series. J Med Pharm Chem 3:555–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Luduena FP (1957) Experimental spinal anesthesia. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 109:143–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luduena FP, Hoppe JO (1951) 2-Phenyl-4-thiazolidone derivatives as local anesthetics. J Am Pharm Ass 40:132–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sechzer PH (1965) The effect of organophosphates on nerve conduction. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 157:432–441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner RA (1965) Local and spinal anesthetics. In: Turner RA (ed) Screening Methods in Pharmacology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp 268–269

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Bein HJ, Bucher K (1957) Anästhetische Wirkung an Lungendehnungsrezeptoren und anderen nervösen Substraten. (Zur Pharmakologie des Tessalon). Helv Physiol Acta 15:55–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U (1979) Studies on the action mechanism and pharmacological characterization of local anesthetics. Habilitation Thesis of the High Faculty of Medicine of the University of Duesseldorf for Attainment of venia legendi

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucher K (1956) Tessalon, ein hustenstillendes Mittel von neuartigem Wirkungsmechanismus. Schweiz Med Wschr 86:94–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dittmann EC, Zipf HF (1973) Schmerzauslösung und Pharmakologie der Lokalanästhetika. In: Kilian H. (Hgb.) Lokalanästhesie und Lokalanästhetika. Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, pp 76–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraushaar AE, Schunk RW, Thym HF (1964) Ein neues Antitussivum: 2-(β-Hexamethyleniminoäthyl)-cyclo-hexanon-2-carbonsäure-benzylester HCl. Arzneim Forsch 14:986–995

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier R, Bein HJ (1950) Neuere Befunde über die organisationsspezifischen Wirkungen am autonomen Nervensystem. Bull schweiz Akad med Wiss 6:209–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichertz P, Zipf HF, Hansen K (1957) Vergleichende Prüfung verschiedener Endoanaesthetica an den Lungendehnungsrezeptoren des Meerschweinchens. Arzneim Forsch 7:739–742

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sell R, Lindner E, Jahn H (1958) Untersuchungen über die Anästhesie der Dehnungs-und Berührungsrezeptoren durch einige Lokalanästhetika im Vergleich zur hustenstillenden Wirkung. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmak 234:164–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siemoneit KD, Zipf HF, Dittmann EC (1966) Untersuchungen zur endoanästhetischen und hypnotisch/narkotischen Wirkung von 2-Methoxy-4-allyl-phenoxyessigsäure-N,N'-diäthylamid (G29505) und verwandten Phenolderivaten. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 164:30–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ther L, Lindner E (1961) Über die hustenstillende Wirkung von Lokalanästhetika. Medizin und Chemie (Weinheim), pp 351–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellhöner HH, Conrad B (1965) Über die Wirkung von Aconitin auf die Impulstätigkeit in afferenten Fasern aus Lungendehnungsrezeptoren. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Exp Path Pharmak 252:269–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF (1953) Die Endoanästhesie, ein pharmakologischer Weg zur Ausschaltung innerer sensibler Rezeptoren. Dtsch Med Wschr 78:1587–1589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF (1957) Lungensensibilität und ihre Ausschaltung durch Endoanästhesie. Klin Wschr 35:1031–1037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF (1959) Die Allgemeinwirkungen der Lokalanästhetika. In: Kilian H. (Hgb.) Lokalanästhesie und Lokalanästhetika. Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, pp 111–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF (1966) The pharmacology of viscero-afferent receptors with special reference to endoanesthesia. Acta neuroveg (Wien) 28:169–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF (1968) New light on the properties of local anaesthetics. Germ Med Mth 13:238–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF, Oehler H (1955) Die Trachealverschlußreaktion nach HEAD, eine Hilfsmethode zum Nachweis endeoanästhetischer Wirkungen. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmak 226:363–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF, Reichertz P (1957) Darstellung der totalen und reversiblen Endoanästhesie der Lungendehungsrezeptoren durch Zeit/Wirkungskurven. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch exp Path Pharmak 231:96–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF, Kreppel E, Wetzels E (1955) Untersuchungen zur Definition einer katelektrotonischen Form der Endoanaesthesie. Arch Exper Path Pharmakol 226:348–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipf HF, Dittmann EC, Marquardt H (1963) Lokalanästhetische und endoanästhetische Wirkungen von Tropeinen. Arzneim Forsch 13:1097–1100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Ames III A, Gurian BS (1960) Measurement of function in an in vitro preparation of mammalian central nervous tissue. J Neurophysiol 23:676–691

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biró K, Pálhalmi J, Tóth AJ, Kukorelli T, Juhász G (1998) Bimoclomol improves early electrophysiological signs of retinopathy in diabetic rats. NeuroReport 9:2029–2033

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block F, Schwarz M (1998) The b-wave of the electroretinogram as an index of retinal ischemia. Gen Pharmac 30:281–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U (1975) The effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the bioelectric activity of the isolated retina. Pflügers Arch Suppl 355:R111

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U (1979) Studies on the action mechanism and pharmacological characterization of local anesthetics. Habilitation Thesis of the High Faculty of Medicine of the University of Duesseldorf for Attainment of venia legendi

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchard U, Erasmi W (1974) Na+ diffusion in the retinal tissue of the frog. Vision Res 14:17–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doly M, Cluzel J, Millerin M, Bonhomme B, Braquet P (1993) Prevention of chloroquine-induced electroretinographic damage by a new platelet-activating factor antagonist, BN 50730. Ophthalmic Res 25:314–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estrade M, Grondin P, Cluzel J, Bonhomme B, Doly M (1998) Effect of a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor on retinal function. Eur J Pharmacol 352:157–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettaiche M, Fillacier K, Widmann C, Heurteaux C, Lazdunski M (1999) Riluzole improves functional recovery after ischemia in the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:729–736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa T, Hanawa I (1955) Effects of some common cations on electroretinogram of the toad. Jap J Physiol 5:289–300

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosbell A, Favilla I, Jablonski P (1996) The effects of insulin on the electroretinogram of bovine retina in vitro. Curr Eye Res 15:1132–1137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horiguchi M, Suzuki S, Kondo M, Tanikawa A, Miyake Y (1998) Effect of glutamate analogues and inhibitory neurotransmitters on the electroretinograms elicited by random sequence stimuli in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:2171–2176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hotta N, Nakamura J, Sakakibara F, Hamada Y, Hara T, Mori K, Nakashima E, Sasaki H, Kasama N, Inukai S, Koh N (1997) Electroretinogram in sucrose-fed diabetic rats treated with an aldose reductase inhibitor or an anticoagulant. Am J Physiol 273 (Endocrinol Metab 36) E965–E971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang JC, Salt TE, Voaden J, Marshall J (1991) Non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonists and anoxic degeneration of the ERG B-wave in vitro. Eye 5:467–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Imai R, Sugimoto S, Ando T, Sato S (1991) A procedure for recording electroretinogram and visual evoked potential in freely moving cats. J Toxicol Sci 15:263–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarkman S, Kato M, Bragadottir R (1998) Effects of pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide on the direct-current electroretinogram of the rabbit eye. Ophthalmic Res 30:199–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RD, Hamilton BF, Dass PD (1995) The effects of physostigmine on the electroretinogram in the Beagle dog. Vet Res Commun 19:135–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S-Y, Kwak J-S, Shin J-P, Lee S-H (1998) The protection of the retina from ischemic injury by the free radical scavenger Egb 761 and zinc in the cat retina. Ophthalmologica 212:268–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Mizota A, Adachi-Usami E (1999) Effects of intravitreal injection of botulinum toxin on the electroretinogram of rats. Ophthalmic Res 31:392–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang C, Peyman GA, Sun G (1998) Toxicity of intraocular lidocaine and bupivacaine. Am J Ophthalmol 125:191–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard KI, Arango PM, Chen D, Ogilvy CS (1998) Acetylsalicylate administered during simulated ischemia reduces the recovery of neuronal function in the in vitro rabbit retina. Neurosci Lett 249:159–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki K, Yamashita Y, Torisaki T, Komatsu K, Tanahashi T, Sakai H (1992) Intraocular penetration and effect on the retina of fluconazole. Les-Eye-Toxic-Res 9:537–546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald P, Park SS, Toledano AY, Roth S (1997) Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: Impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram. Vis Res 37:3453–3461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sickel W, Lippmann HG, Haschke W, Baumann C (1960) Elektrogramm der umströmten menschlichen Retina. Ber Dtsch Ophthalm Ges 63:316–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto S, Imawaka M, Ozaki H, Ito T, Ando T, Sato S (1994) A procedure for recording electroretinogram (ERG) with a contact lens-type electrode, and effects of sodium iodate on ERG in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Sci 19:Suppl 3:531–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagliati M, Bodis-Wollner I, Kovanecz I, Stanzione P (1994) Spatial frequency tuning of the monkey pattern ERG depends on D2 receptor-linked action of dopamine. Vis Res 34:2051–2057

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takei K, Sato T, Nonoyama T, Miyauchi T, Goto K, Hommura S (1993) A new model for transient complete obstruction of retinal vessels induced by endothelin-1 injection into the posterior vitreous body in rabbits. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 231:476–481

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter P, Luke C, Sickel W (1999) Antibiotics and light responses in superfused bovine retina. Cell Mol Neurobiol 19:87–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanase J, Ogawa H (1997) Effects of halothane and sevoflurane on the electroretinogram of dogs. Am J Vet Res 58:904–909

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zemel E, Loewenstein A, Lazar M, Perlman I (1995) The effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine on the rabbit retina. Docum Ophthalm 90:189–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Alexander S, Peters J, Mathie A, MacKenzie G, Smith A (2001) TiPS nomenclature Supplement 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Allmark MG, Bachinski WM (1949) A method of assay for curare using rats. J Am Pharm Ass 38:43–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burn JH, Finney DJ, Goodwin LG (1952) Biological Standardization. Chapter XX, Curare-like compounds. Oxford University Press, London, New York, Toronto, pp 345–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier HOJ, Hall RA, Fieller EC (1949) Use of a rotating drum in assessing the activities of paralysant, convulsant and anaesthetic drugs. Analyst 74:592–596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fatt P, Katz B (1951) An analysis of the end-plate potential recorded with an intra-cellular electrode. J Physiol 115:320–370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe JO (1955) Observations on the potency of neuromuscular blocking agents with particular reference to succinylcholine. Anaesthesiology 16:91–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JM (1995) New neuromuscular blocking drugs. New Engl J Med 332:1691–1699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlin A, Akabas MH (1995) Toward a structural basis for the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their cousins. Neuron 15:1231–1244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levis S, Preat S, Dauby J (1953) Étude pharmacodynamique de deux séries de curarisants de synthèse. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 93:46–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGehee DS, Role LW (1995) Physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed by vertebrate neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 57:521–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior C, Dempster J, Marshall IG (1993) Electrophysiological analysis of transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. J Pharm Toxicol Meth 30:1–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sargent PB (1995) The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 16:403–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner HG, Young DM (1947) A mouse assay for curare. J Pharm Exper Ther 91:144–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varney RF, Linegar CR, Holaday HA (1948) The rabbit ‘head-drop’ method for the biological assay of curare and its alkaloids. Fed Proc 7:261–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varney RF, Linegar CR, Holaday HA (1949) The assay of curare by the rabbit ‘head-drop’ method. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 97:72–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaimis E, Head S (1976) Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs. In: Zaimis E (ed) Neuromuscular Junction. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol 42, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 365–419

    Google Scholar 

References

  • Beani L, Bianchi C, Ledda F (1964) The effect of tubocurarine on acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals. J Physiol 174:172–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birmingham AT, Hussain SZ (1980) A comparison of the skeletal neuromuscular and autonomic ganglion-blocking potencies of five non-depolarizing relaxants. Br J Pharmacol 70:501–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bülbring E (1946) Observations on the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1:38–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Bülbring E, Chou TC (1947) The relative activity of prostigmine homologues and other substances as antagonists to tubocurarine. Br J Pharmacol 2:8–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang CC, Chuang ST, Lee CY, Weio JW (1972) Role of cardiotoxin and phospholipase A in the blockade of nerve conduction and depolarization of skeletal muscle induced by cobra venom. Br J Pharmac 44:752–764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colbert WE, Wilson BF, Williams PD (1990) The effects of temperature on the experimental reliability of the isolated rat phrenic nerve/diaphragm preparation. J Pharmacol Meth 24:53–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe JO (1955) Observations on the potency of neuromuscular blocking agents with particular reference to succinylcholine. Anesthesiol 16:91–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenden DJ (1955) The effect of drugs upon neuromuscular transmission in the isolated guinea pig diaphragm. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 114:398–408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenden DJ, Kamijo K, Taylor DB (1994) The action of decamethonium on the isolated rabbit lumbrical muscle. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 111:229–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojima M, Takagi H (1969) Effects of some anticholinergic drugs on antidromic activity in the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. Eur Pharmacol 5:161–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long JP, Chiou CY (1970) Pharmacological testing methods for drugs acting on the peripheral nervous system. J Pharmaceut Sci 59:133–148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muarata T, Murai T, Kanai T, Ogaki Y, Sanai K, Kanda H, Sato S, Kajikawa N, Umetsu T, Matsuura H, Fukatsu Y, Isogaya M, Yamada N, Nishio S (1989) General pharmacology of beraprost sodium. 2nd Communication: Effects on the autonomic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and other effects. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 39:867–876

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir AW, Houston J, Green KL, Marshall RJ, Bowman WC, Marshall IG (1989) Effects of a new neuromuscular blocking agent (ORG 9426) in anaesthetized cats and pigs and in isolated nerve-muscle preparations. Br J Anaesth 63:400–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randic M, Straughan DM (1964) Antidromic activity in the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. J Physiol 173:130–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thesleff S (1958) A study on the interaction between neuromuscular blocking agents and acetylcholine at the mammalian motor end-plate. Acta Anaesth Scand 2:69–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Riezen H (1968a) Classification of neuromuscular blocking agents in a new neuromuscular preparation of the chick in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 5:29–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Riezen H (1968b) Effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs on a new neuromuscular preparation of the chick. Eur J Pharmacol 5:37–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessler I, Kilbinger H (1986) Release of [3H]acetylcholine from a modified rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 334:357–364

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessler I, Steinlein O (1987) Differential release of [3H]acetylcholine from the rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation by electrical nerve stimulation and by high potassium. Neurosci 22:289–299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessler I, Wagner G, Walczok A (1992) Suppression by cholinesterase inhibition of a Ca2+-independent efflux of [3H]acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction of the isolated rat diaphragm. Eur J Pharmacol 221:371–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West GB (1947) Note on the biological assay of tubocurarine. Quart J Pharm Pharmacol 20:518–527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Benz FW, Long JP (1969) Investigations on a series of heterocyclic hemicholinium-3 analogs. J Pharm Exp Ther 166:225–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman WC, Goldberg AAJ, Raper C (1962) A comparison between the effects of a tetanus and the effects of sympathomimetic amines on the fast-and slow-contracting mammalian muscles. Br J Pharmacol 19:464–484

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman WC, Rodger IW, Houston J, Marshall RJ, McIndewar I (1988) Structure: action relationships among some desacetoxy analogues of pancuronium and vecuronium in the anesthetized cat. Anesthesiology 69:57–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bülbring E, Chou TC (1947) The relative activity of prostigmine homologues and other substances as antagonists to tubocurarine. Br J Pharmacol 2:8–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiou CY, Long JP (1969) Effects of α,α'-bis-(dimethylammoniumacetaldehyde diethylacetal)-p,p'-diacetylbiphenyl bromide (DMAE) on neuromuscular transmission. J Pharm Exp Ther 167:344–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen LK, Jones RS, Snowdon SL (1980) Neuromuscular activity in the intact dog: techniques for recording evoked mechanical responses. Br Vet J 136:154–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durant NN, Bowman WC; Marshall IG (1977) A comparison of the neuromuscular and autonomic blocking activities of (+)-tubocurarine and its N-methyl and O,O,N-trimethyl analogues. Eur J Pharmacol 46:297–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joppe JO (1950) A pharmacological investigation of 2,5-bis-(3-diethylaminopropylamino)benzoquinone-bis-benzylchloride (WIN 2747) A new curarimimetic drug. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 100:333–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes R (1984) Experimental and clinical evaluation of neuromuscular blocking agents. J Pharmacol Meth 12:1–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes R, Chapple DJ (1976a) Effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents on peripheral autonomic mechanisms in cats. Br J Anaesth 48:59–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes R, Chapple DJ (1976b) Cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of dimethyl tubocurarine in anaesthetized cats and rhesus monkeys. Br J Anaesth 48:847–852

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes R, Chapple DJ (1981) The pharmacology of atracurium: a new competitive neuromuscular blocking agent. Br J Pharmacol 53:31–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keesey JC (1988) AAEE minimonograph33: electrodiagnostic approach to defects of neuromuscular transmission. Muscle & Nerve 12:613–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Khuenl-Brady K, Castagnoli KP, Canfell PC, Caldwell JE, Agoston S, Miller RD (1990) The neuromuscular blocking effects and pharmacokinetics of ORG 9426 and ORG 9616 in the cat. Anesthesiology 72:669–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levis S, Preat S, Dauby J (1953) Étude pharmacodynamique de deux séries de curarisants de synthèse. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 93:46–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long JP, Evans CT, Wong S (1967) A pharmacological evaluation of hemicholinium analogs. J Pharm Exp Ther 155:223–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntosh (1938) The effect of preganglionic section on acetylcholine in the ganglion. J Physiol 92:22P

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir AW, Houston J, Green KL, Marshall RJ, Bowman WC, Marshall IG (1989) Effects of a new neuromuscular blocking agent (ORG 9426) in anaesthetized cats and pigs and in isolated nerve-muscle preparations. Br J Anaesth 63:400–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ono H, Saito KI, Kondo M, Morishita SI, Kato K, Hasebe Y, Nakayama M, Kato F, Nakamura T, Satoh M, Oka JI, Goto M, Fukuda H (1990) Effects of the new centrally acting muscle relaxant 7-chloro-N,N,3-trimethylbenzo[b]furan-2-carboxamide on motor and central nervous systems in rats. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 40:730–735

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paton WDM, Zaimis EJ (1948) Clinical potentialities of certain bisquarternary salts causing neuromuscular and ganglionic block. Nature 20:810

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton WDM, Zaimis EJ (1951) The action of D-tubocurarine and of decamethonium on respiratory and other muscles in the cat. J Physiol 112:311–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitzel NL, Long JP (1959) The neuromuscular properties of α,α'-dimethylamino-4,4'-biacetophenone (hemicholinium). Arch Int Pharmacodyn 119:20–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salafsky B (1968) The effect of succinylcholine on denervated fast and slow skeletal muscle. Arch Intern Pharmacodyn 174:294–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson H, Long JP (1959) Effect of hemicholinium (HC-3) at various peripheral cholinergic transmitting sites. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 120:343–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

References

  • Cullen LK, Jones RS, Snowdon DL (1980) Neuromuscular activity in the intact dog: Techniques for recording evoked mechanical responses. Br Vet J 136:154–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keesey JC (1989) AAEE Minimonograph 33: Electrodiagnosis approach to defects of neuromuscular transmission. Muscle Nerve 12:613–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre HP, Cardona A, Toutain PL, Morel E, Bach JF, Vernetder-Garabedian B (1992) A simple method for the quantitative evaluation of neuromuscular blockade in mice. J Pharm Toxicol Meth 27:129–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Gerhard Vogel

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

    Prof. Dr. Wolfgang H. Vogel

  3. Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Bernward A. Schölkens & Prof. Dr. Jürgen Sandow

  4. Institut für Genetik, Avenfis Deutschland GmbH, Ludwig Maximilian-Universität München, München, Germany

    PD Dr. Günter Müller

  5. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Dr. Wolfgang F. Vogel (Assistant Professor)

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Gerhard Vogel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang H. Vogel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prof. Dr. Bernward A. Schölkens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Sandow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. PD Dr. Günter Müller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dr. Wolfgang F. Vogel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany

    H. Gerhard Vogel

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA

    Wolfgang H. Vogel

  3. Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Bernward A. Schölkens  & Jürgen Sandow  & 

  4. Institut für Genetik, Avenfis Deutschland GmbH, Ludwig Maximilian-Universität München, München, Germany

    Günter Müller

  5. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Wolfgang F. Vogel (Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Schölkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Müller, G., Vogel, W.F. (2002). Effects on peripheral nerve function. In: Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Schölkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Müller, G., Vogel, W.F. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29837-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29837-1_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-42396-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29837-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation