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Traumatic Brain Injury and the Use of Documentary Narrative Media to Redress Social Stigma

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Handbook of Neuroethics

Abstract

This chapter takes as its focus the topic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the perspective of “Public and Cultural Neuroethics,” showing that there are deeply entrenched social and cultural barriers implicated in the trauma and injury commonly experienced by TBI survivors. The first section (“Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the Situational Context for Survivors”) details some basic facts about TBI and the situational context for this patient population. The second section (“Mistaken or Misattributed Beliefs About TBI”) explains some of the prevalent societal misperceptions of persons living with TBIs, especially those linked to living with hidden disabilities as “the walking wounded.” The third section (“Problems of Social Stigma”) explains the problems of social stigma and what can be learned from on point mental illness research for making sense of societal challenges facing TBI survivors. The final section (“Educational Strategies and Using Narrative Media for Combating Stigma”) concludes the chapter by examining educational strategies and the use of documentary narrative media for combating and redressing stigmas against this population.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this regard, Racine’s work in neuroethics might be read as cutting off the path that slips into looking for answers to mental health in “neuroscience fiction” when relevant progress would seem more likely for the near future by paying greater attention to some of the methods, tools, and resources made available through the social sciences.

  2. 2.

    With the term “societal impediments” I would like to make room for understanding the barriers imposed by societies on TBI survivors as including more than just social factors. What is more, the disabling societal factors discussed in this chapter not only have a negative effect on the functioning of TBI survivors but also erect barriers against the possibility for “societies-in-general” from accessing the rich experiences and resources of this unnecessarily alienated population (cf. Scully 2008). Admittedly, this chapter focuses, in the main, on the losses experienced by TBI survivors, though more should be said on the relevant lost benefits to their respective societies (Sherry et al. 2010; cf. Swain and French 2000; The Disability Pride and Awareness Committee 2013).

  3. 3.

    Cf. Gouvier et al. (1988) and Springer et al. (1997) for discussions of misperceptions of TBI survivors by their family members.

  4. 4.

    See McClure et al. (2011) and Stone and Colella (1996) for a discussion of how people’s expectations affect outcomes for persons with invisible disabilities.

  5. 5.

    McLellan and colleagues’ study also showed that test subjects unfamiliar with TBI and its effects had unconscious negative attitudes towards patients with TBI (McLellan et al. 2010; referenced by Phelan et al. 2011, p. 178). Burris has noted that diseased-based stigma may operate, in the main, through automatic emotional reactions and that familiarity may serve to reduce these reactions like the process of desensitization through exposure can reduce evolutionary-based phobias (Burris 2008, p. 475).

  6. 6.

    See Allport (1954), Pettigrew (1998), Pettigrew and Tropp (2000), and Couture and Penn (2003) for explanations of the intergroup contact theory hypothesis according to which direct interaction between members of the “in-group” with the “out-group” is thought to improve prejudicial attitudes (Walker and Scior 2013, p. 2201). See also Dovidio et al. (2003) and Pettigrew and Tropp (2008).

  7. 7.

    The website features a DVD transcript (in English), a Spanish translation of the transcript, special interview footage with TBI self-advocate and disabilities scholar Mark Sherry, TBI “Links of Note” (tab), reviews of the film, a link to the Brain Injury Dialogues Facebook page, and posted comments. See http://www.braininjurydialogues.org/.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to the Novel Tech Ethics research team members for helpful discussions and feedback in relation to this project. Funding for this project was provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, NNF 80045, States of Mind: Emerging Issues in Neuroethics.

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  1. Novel Tech Ethics, Dalhousie University, 1379 Seymour Street, 15000, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Timothy Mark Krahn

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  1. Institute for Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Jens Clausen

  2. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

    Neil Levy

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Krahn, T.M. (2015). Traumatic Brain Injury and the Use of Documentary Narrative Media to Redress Social Stigma. In: Clausen, J., Levy, N. (eds) Handbook of Neuroethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_126

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