Skip to main content

Animal Models of Acute Surgical Pain

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Analgesia

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 617))

Abstract

Animal models of tissue injury have been used to investigate the mechanisms of pain. Here, we describe a variety of animal models that have been used to mimic acute surgical pain in human subjects, which include the plantar, tail, and gastrocnemius incision models. We also provide discussion on animal models of laparotomy, thoracotomy, visceral pain, and bone injury. Preclinical studies using these models have provided insights into the mechanisms and causes of acute surgical pain as well as the treatment options to control postsurgical pain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Treede RD, Meyer RA, Raja SN, Campbell JN (1992) Peripheral and central mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia. Prog Neurobiol 38:397-421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Brennan TJ, Zahn PK, Pogatzki-Zahn EM (2005) Mechanisms of incisional pain. Anesthesiol Clin North 23:1-20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Scott NB, Kehlet H (1988) Regional anaesthesia and surgical morbidity. Br J Surg 75:299-304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Vaurio LE, Sands LP, Wang Y, Mullen EA, Leung JM (2006) Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesth Analg 102:1267-1273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Beilin B, Shavit Y, Trabekin E, Mordashev B, Mayburd E, Zeidel A, Bessler H (2003) The effects of postoperative pain management on immune response to surgery. Anesth Analg 97:822-827

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Page GG (2005) Surgery-induced immunosuppression and postoperative pain management. AACN Clin Issues 16:302-309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Collis R, Brandner B, Bromley LM, Woolf CJ (1995) Is there any clinical advantage of increasing the pre-emptive dose of morphine or combining pre-incisional with postoperative morphine administration? Br J Anaesth 74:396-399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Helmy SA, Bali A (2001) The effect of the preemptive use of the NMDA receptor antagonist dextromethorphan on postoperative analgesic requirements. Anesth Analg 92:739-744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Woolf CJ, Chong MS (1993) Preemptive analgesia - treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 77:362-379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Alonzo NC, Bayer BM (2002) Opioids, immunology, and host defenses of intravenous drug abusers. Infect Dis Clin North Am 16:553-569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Richmond CE, Bromley LM, Woolf CJ (1993) Preoperative morphine pre-empts postoperative pain. Lancet 342:73-75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Moiniche S, Dahl JB, Erichsen CJ, Jensen LM, Kehlet H (1997) Time course of subjective pain ratings, and wound and leg tenderness after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:785-789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lavand’homme P (2006) Perioperative pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 19:556-561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zahn PK, Brennan TJ (1999) Primary and secondary hyperalgesia in a rat model for human postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 90:863-872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zahn PK, Brennan TJ (1999) Incision-induced changes in receptive field properties of rat dorsal horn neurons. Anesthesiology 91:772-785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Stubhaug A, Breivik H, Eide PK, Kreunen M, Foss A (1997) Mapping of punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates that ketamine is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:1124-1132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Woolf CJ, Costigan M (1999) Transcriptional and posttranslational plasticity and the generation of inflammatory pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:7723-7730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Woolf CJ, Thompson SW (1991) The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain 44:293-299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Coderre TJ, Melzack R (1992) The contribution of excitatory amino acids to central sensitization and persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury. J Neurosci 12:3665-3670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ma QP, Woolf CJ (1995) Noxious stimuli induce an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent hypersensitivity of the flexion withdrawal reflex to touch: implications for the treatment of mechanical allodynia. Pain 61:383-390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mao J, Sung B, Ji RR, Lim G (2002) Neuronal apoptosis associated with morphine tolerance: evidence for an opioid-induced neurotoxic mechanism. J Neurosci 22:7650-7661

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lim G, Wang S, Zeng Q, Sung B, Yang L, Mao J (2005) Expression of spinal NMDA receptor and PKCgamma after chronic morphine is regulated by spinal glucocorticoid receptor. J Neurosci 25:11145-11154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pogatzki EM, Zahn PK, Brennan TJ (2000) Effect of pretreatment with intrathecal excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on the development of pain behavior caused by plantar incision. Anesthesiology 93:489-496

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zahn PK, Umali E, Brennan TJ (1998) Intrathecal non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists inhibit pain behaviors in a rat model of postoperative pain. Pain 74:213-223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Coderre TJ, Katz J (1997) Peripheral and central hyperexcitability: differential signs and symptoms in persistent pain. Behav Brain Sci 20:404-419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Millan MJ (1999) The induction of pain: an integrative review. Prog Neurobiol 57:1-164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gilchrist HD, Allard BL, Simone DA (1996) Enhanced withdrawal responses to heat and mechanical stimuli following intraplantar injection of capsaicin in rats. Pain 67:179-188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nozaki-Taguchi N, Yaksh TL (1998) A novel model of primary and secondary hyperalgesia after mild thermal injury in the rat. Neurosci Lett 254:25-28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pogatzki EM, Niemeier JS, Brennan TJ (2002) Persistent secondary hyperalgesia after gastrocnemius incision in the rat. Eur J Pain 6:295-305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Weber J, Loram L, Mitchell B, Themistocleous A (2005) A model of incisional pain: the effects of dermal tail incision on pain behaviours of Sprague Dawley rats. J Neurosci Methods 145:167-173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gebhart GF (2000) J.J. Bonica lecture-2000: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology of visceral pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:632-638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Habler HJ, Janig W, Koltzenburg M (1990) Activation of unmyelinated afferent fibres by mechanical stimuli and inflammation of the urinary bladder in the cat. J Physiol 425:545-562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tong C, Conklin D, Eisenach JC (2006) A pain model after gynecologic surgery: the effect of intrathecal and systemic morphine. Anesth Analg 103:1288-1293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lascelles BD, Waterman AE, Cripps PJ, Livingston A, Henderson G (1995) Central sensitization as a result of surgical pain: investigation of the pre-emptive value of pethidine for ovariohysterectomy in the rat. Pain 62:201-212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Flecknell PA, Liles JH (1991) The effects of surgical procedures, halothane anaesthesia and nalbuphine on locomotor activity and food and water consumption in rats. Lab Anim 25:50-60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lascelles BD, Cripps PJ, Jones A, Waterman AE (1997) Post-operative central hypersensitivity and pain: the pre-emptive value of pethidine for ovariohysterectomy. Pain 73:461-471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Kerns JM, Nagalla SN, Tuman KJ (2004) Charac­terization of a new animal model for evaluation of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 99:1453-1460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hogan Q (2002) Animal pain models. Reg Anesth Pain Med 27:385-401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ness TJ, Metcalf AM, Gebhart GF (1990) A psychophysiological study in humans using phasic colonic distension as a noxious visceral stimulus. Pain 43:377-386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Grundy D, Al Chae ED, Aziz Q, Collins SM, Ke M, Tache Y, Wood JD (2006) Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology: basic science. Gastroenterology 130:1391-1411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ness TJ, Gebhart GF (1988) Colorectal distension as a noxious visceral stimulus: physiologic and pharmacologic characterization of pseudaffective reflexes in the rat. Brain Res 450:153-169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jensen FM, Madsen JB, Ringsted CV, Christensen A (1988) Intestinal distension test, a method for evaluating intermittent visceral pain in the rabbit. Life Sci 43:747-754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fernyhough JC, Schimandle JJ, Weigel MC, Edwards CC, Levine AM (1992) Chronic donor site pain complicating bone graft harvesting from the posterior iliac crest for spinal fusion. Spine 17:1474-1480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Eskenazi J, Nikiforidis T, Livio JJ, Schelling JL (1976) Effect of paracetamol, mephenoxalone and their combination on pain following bone surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 09:411-415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Evans PJ, McQuay HJ, Rolfe M, O’Sullivan G, Bullingham RE, Moore RA (1982) Zomepirac, placebo and paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene combination compared in orthopaedic postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 54:927-933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chapman CR, Casey KL, Dubner R, Foley KM, Gracely RH, Reading AE (1985) Pain measurement: an overview. Pain 22:1-31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stanley KL, Paice JA (1997) Animal models in pain research. Semin Oncol Nurs 13:3-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianren Mao .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Kim, H., Sung, B., Mao, J. (2010). Animal Models of Acute Surgical Pain. In: Szallasi, A. (eds) Analgesia. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 617. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-323-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-323-7_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-322-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-323-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics