Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Bioinformatics Methods in Clinical Research

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 593))

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide. During the last decade, great developments in our understanding of breast cancer at the molecular level have arisen from microarray data. Molecular profiling has supported the notion that breast cancer is not a simple disease with a single tumorigenic pathway but a rather heterogeneous one. Gene expression studies have identified and validated the existence of different breast cancer subtypes whose signatures correlate with the clinical outcome. Therefore, the identification of gene expression patterns has become a key issue in understanding the biological diversity of breast tumors, leading to new hope for diagnosis, prognosis, and future treatment. This chapter is a selection of some of the key results that have contributed to the advance toward this end.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pearson OH, West CD, Hollander VP, Treves NE. (1954) Evaluation of endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc 154:234–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Harper MJ, Walpole AL. (1966) Contrasting endocrine activities of cis and trans isomers in a series of substituted triphenylethylenes. Nature 212:87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Redmond CK, Kavanah M, Cronin WM, Vogel V, Robidoux A, Dimitrov N, Atkins J, et al. (1998) Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1371–1388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Jensen EV, Block GE, Smith S, Kyser K, DeSombre ER. (1971) Estrogen receptors and breast cancer response to adrenalectomy. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 34:55–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P, Chambon P. (1986) Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature 320:134–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. (1996) Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5925–5930.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Goldhirsch A, Wood WC, Gelber RD, Coates AS, Thurlimann B, Senn HJ. (2007) Progress and promise: highlights of the international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2007. Ann Oncol 18:1133–1144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Eifel P, Axelson JA, Costa J, Crowley J, Curran WJ, Jr., Deshler A, Fulton S, Hendricks CB, Kemeny M, Kornblith AB, et al. (2001) National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, November 1–3, 2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:979–989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Perou CM, Jeffrey SS, van de Rijn M, Rees CA, Eisen MB, Ross DT, Pergamenschikov A, Williams CF, Zhu SX, Lee JC, et al. (1999) Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9212–9217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Rees CA, Pollack JR, Ross DT, Johnsen H, Akslen LA, et al. (2000) Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406:747–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, Hastie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, et al. (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98;10869–10874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Monville F, Finetti P, Adelaide J, Cervera N, Fekairi S, Xerri L, Jacquemier J, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F. (2006) Gene expression profiling of breast cell lines identifies potential new basal markers. Oncogene 25:2273–2284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. van’t Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, Peterse HL, van der Kooy K, Marton MJ, Witteveen AT, et al. (2002) Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415:530–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. van de Vijver MJ, He YD, van’t Veer LJ, Dai H, Hart AA, Voskuil DW, Schreiber GJ, Peterse JL, Roberts C, Marton MJ, et al. (2002) A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 347:1999–2009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Simon R, Radmacher MD, Dobbin K, McShane LM. (2003) Pitfalls in the use of DNA microarray data for diagnostic and prognostic classification. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:14–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Seth A, Kitching R, Landberg G, Xu J, Zubovits J, Burger AM. (2003) Gene expression profiling of ductal carcinomas in situ and invasive breast tumors. Anticancer Res 23:2043–2051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Porter D, Lahti-Domenici J, Keshaviah A, Bae YK, Argani P, Marks J, Richardson A, Cooper A, Strausberg R, Riggins GJ, et al. (2003) Molecular markers in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Mol Cancer Res 1:362–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ma XJ, Salunga R, Tuggle JT, Gaudet J, Enright E, McQuary P, Payette T, Pistone M, Stecker K, Zhang BM, et al. (2003) Gene expression profiles of human breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:5974–5979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Schuetz CS, Bonin M, Clare SE, Nieselt K, Sotlar K, Walter M, Fehm T, Solomayer E, Riess O, Wallwiener D, et al. (2006) Progression-specific genes identified by expression profiling of matched ductal carcinomas in situ and invasive breast tumors, combining laser capture microdissection and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Cancer Res 66:5278–5286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ivshina AV, George J, Senko O, Mow B, Putti TC, Smeds J, Lindahl T, Pawitan Y, Hall P, Nordgren H, et al. (2006) Genetic reclassification of histologic grade delineates new clinical subtypes of breast cancer. Cancer Res 66:10292–10301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Buerger H, Mommers EC, Littmann R, Simon R, Diallo R, Poremba C, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, van Diest PJ, Boecker W. (2001) Ductal invasive G2 and G3 carcinomas of the breast are the end stages of at least two different lines of genetic evolution. J Pathol 194:165–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Roylance R, Gorman P, Hanby A, Tomlinson I. (2002) Allelic imbalance analysis of chromosome 16q shows that grade I and grade III invasive ductal breast cancers follow different genetic pathways. J Pathol 196:32–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Korkola JE, DeVries S, Fridlyand J, Hwang ES, Estep AL, Chen YY, Chew KL, Dairkee SH, Jensen RM, Waldman FM. (2003) Differentiation of lobular versus ductal breast carcinomas by expression microarray analysis. Cancer Res 63:7167–7175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhao H, Langerod A, Ji Y, Nowels KW, Nesland JM, Tibshirani R, Bukholm IK, Karesen R, Botstein D, Borresen-Dale AL, Jeffrey SS. (2004) Different gene expression patterns in invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas of the breast. Mol Biol Cell 15:2523–2536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Turashvili G, Bouchal J, Baumforth K, Wei W, Dziechciarkova M, Ehrmann J, Klein J, Fridman E, Skarda J, Srovnal J, et al. (2007) Novel markers for differentiation of lobular and ductal invasive breast carcinomas by laser microdissection and microarray analysis. BMC Cancer 7:55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. West M, Blanchette C, Dressman H, Huang E, Ishida S, Spang R, Zuzan H, Olson JA, Jr., Marks JR, Nevins JR. (2001) Predicting the clinical status of human breast cancer by using gene expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11462–11467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ahr A, Karn T, Solbach C, Seiter T, Strebhardt K, Holtrich U, Kaufmann M. (2002) Identification of high risk breast-cancer patients by gene expression profiling. Lancet 359:131–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Huang E, Cheng SH, Dressman H, Pittman J, Tsou MH, Horng CF, Bild A, Iversen ES, Liao M, Chen CM, et al. (2003) Gene expression predictors of breast cancer outcomes. Lancet 361:1590–1596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Marshall M, Solomon S. (2007) Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer: clinical findings and medical management. Plast Surg Nurs 27:124–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hedenfalk I, Duggan D, Chen Y, Radmacher M, Bittner M, Simon R, Meltzer P, Gusterson B, Esteller M, Kallioniemi OP, et al. (2001) Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer. N Engl J Med 344:539–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hedenfalk I, Ringner M, Ben-Dor A, Yakhini Z, Chen Y, Chebil G, Ach R, Loman N, Olsson H, Meltzer P, et al. (2003) Molecular classification of familial non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2532–2537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Calza S, Hall P, Auer G, Bjohle J, Klaar S, Kronenwett U, Liu ET, Miller L, Ploner A, Smeds J, et al. (2006) Intrinsic molecular signature of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of 412 patients. Breast Cancer Res 8:R34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sotiriou C, Wirapati P, Loi S, Harris A, Fox S, Smeds J, Nordgren H, Farmer P, Praz V, Haibe-Kains B, et al. (2006) Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: understanding the molecular basis of histologic grade to improve prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:262–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Loi S, Haibe-Kains B, Desmedt C, Lallemand F, Tutt AM, Gillet C, Ellis P, Harris A, Bergh J, Foekens JA, et al. (2007) Definition of clinically distinct molecular subtypes in estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinomas through genomic grade. J Clin Oncol 25:1239–1246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gruvberger S, Ringner M, Chen Y, Panavally S, Saal LH, Borg A, Ferno M, Peterson C, Meltzer PS. (2001) Estrogen receptor status in breast cancer is associated with remarkably distinct gene expression patterns. Cancer Res 61:5979–5984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Abba MC, Hu Y, Sun H, Drake JA, Gaddis S, Baggerly K, Sahin A, Aldaz CM. (2005) Gene expression signature of estrogen receptor alpha status in breast cancer. BMC Genomics 6:37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang Y, Klijn JG, Zhang Y, Sieuwerts AM, Look MP, Yang F, Talantov D, Timmermans M, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Yu J, et al. (2005) Gene-expression profiles to predict distant metastasis of lymph-node-negative primary breast cancer. Lancet 365:671–679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Buyse M, Loi S, van’t Veer L, Viale G, Delorenzi M, Glas AM, d’Assignies MS, Bergh J, Lidereau R, Ellis P, et al. (2006) Validation and clinical utility of a 70-gene prognostic signature for women with node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1183–1192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Foekens JA, Atkins D, Zhang Y, Sweep FC, Harbeck N, Paradiso A, Cufer T, Sieuwerts AM, Talantov D, Span PN, et al. (2006) Multicenter validation of a gene expression-based prognostic signature in lymph node-negative primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 24:1665–1671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Desmedt C, Piette F, Loi S, Wang Y, Lallemand F, Haibe-Kains B, Viale G, Delorenzi M, Zhang Y, d’Assignies MS, et al. (2007) Strong time dependence of the 76-gene prognostic signature for node-negative breast cancer patients in the TRANSBIG multicenter independent validation series. Clin Cancer Res 13:3207–3214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO. (2008) Expression profiling technology: its contribution to our understanding of breast cancer. Histopathology 52:67–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Shipitsin M, Polyak K. (2008) The cancer stem cell hypothesis: in search of definitions, markers, and relevance. Lab Invest 88:459–463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Paik S, Shak S, Tang G, Kim C, Baker J, Cronin M, Baehner FL, Walker MG, Watson D, Park T, et al. (2004) A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 351:2817–2826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chang HY, Nuyten DS, Sneddon JB, Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Sorlie T, Dai H, He YD, van’t Veer LJ, Bartelink H, et al. (2005) Robustness, scalability, and integration of a wound-response gene expression signature in predicting breast cancer survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3738–3743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Minn AJ, Gupta GP, Siegel PM, Bos PD, Shu W, Giri DD, Viale A, Olshen AB, Gerald WL, Massague J. (2005) Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature 436:518–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bild AH, Yao G, Chang JT, Wang Q, Potti A, Chasse D, Joshi MB, Harpole D, Lancaster JM, Berchuck A, et al. (2006) Oncogenic pathway signatures in human cancers as a guide to targeted therapies. Nature 439:353–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Chi JT, Wang Z, Nuyten DS, Rodriguez EH, Schaner ME, Salim A, Wang Y, Kristensen GB, Helland A, Borresen-Dale AL, et al. (2006) Gene expression programs in response to hypoxia: cell type specificity and prognostic significance in human cancers. PLoS Med 3:e47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Winter SC, Buffa FM, Silva P, Miller C, Valentine HR, Turley H, Shah KA, Cox GJ, Corbridge RJ, Homer JJ, et al. (2007) Relation of a hypoxia metagene derived from head and neck cancer to prognosis of multiple cancers. Cancer Res 67:3441–3449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. West RB, Nuyten DS, Subramanian S, Nielsen TO, Corless CL, Rubin BP, Montgomery K, Zhu S, Patel R, Hernandez-Boussard T, et al. (2005) Determination of stromal signatures in breast carcinoma. PLoS Biol 3:e187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Finak G, Bertos N, Pepin F, Sadekova S, Souleimanova M, Zhao H, Chen H, Omeroglu G, Meterissian S, Omeroglu A, et al. (2008) Stromal gene expression predicts clinical outcome in breast cancer. Nat Med 14:518–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, Hastie T, Marron JS, Nobel A, Deng S, Johnsen H, Pesich R, Geisler S, et al. (2003) Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8418–8423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rouzier R, Perou CM, Symmans WF, Ibrahim N, Cristofanilli M, Anderson K, Hess KR, Stec J, Ayers M, Wagner P, et al. (2005) Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 11:5678–5685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, Drobnjak M, Kakonen SM, Cordon-Cardo C, Guise TA, Massague J. (2003) A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 3:537–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Deckers M, van Dinther M, Buijs J, Que I, Lowik C, van der Pluijm G, ten Dijke P. (2006) The tumor suppressor Smad4 is required for transforming growth factor beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition and bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 66:2202–2209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Smid M, Wang Y, Klijn JG, Sieuwerts AM, Zhang Y, Atkins D, Martens JW, Foekens JA. (2006) Genes associated with breast cancer metastatic to bone. J Clin Oncol 24:2261–2267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Smid M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sieuwerts AM, Yu J, Klijn JG, Foekens JA, Martens JW. (2008) Subtypes of breast cancer show preferential site of relapse. Cancer Res 68:3108–3114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Paget S. (1989) The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev 8:98–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fidler IJ. (2003) The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the “seed and soil” hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 3:453–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414:105–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF. (2003) Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:3983–3988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Alvi AJ, Clayton H, Joshi C, Enver T, Ashworth A, Vivanco MM, Dale TC, Smalley MJ. (2003) Functional and molecular characterisation of mammary side population cells. Breast Cancer Res 5:R1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Clayton H, Titley I, Vivanco M. (2004) Growth and differentiation of progenitor/stem cells derived from the human mammary gland. Exp Cell Res 297:444–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dontu G, Abdallah WM, Foley JM, Jackson KW, Clarke MF, Kawamura MJ, Wicha MS. (2003) In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Genes Dev 17:1253–1270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB. (2003) Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 63:5821–5828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ramalho-Santos M, Yoon S, Matsuzaki Y, Mulligan RC, Melton DA. (2002) “Stemness”: transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells. Science 298:597–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ivanova NB, Dimos JT, Schaniel C, Hackney JA, Moore KA, Lemischka IR. (2002) A stem cell molecular signature. Science 298:601–604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Liu R, Wang X, Chen GY, Dalerba P, Gurney A, Hoey T, Sherlock G, Lewicki J, Shedden K, Clarke MF. (2007) The prognostic role of a gene signature from tumorigenic breast-cancer cells. N Engl J Med 356:217–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fan C, Oh DS, Wessels L, Weigelt B, Nuyten DS, Nobel AB, van’t Veer LJ, Perou CM. (2006) Concordance among gene-expression-based predictors for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 355:560–569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Massague J. (2007) Sorting out breast-cancer gene signatures. N Engl J Med 356:294–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Dean M, Fojo T, Bates S. (2005) Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 5:275–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ailles LE, Weissman IL. (2007) Cancer stem cells in solid tumors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:460–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Woodward WA, Chen MS, Behbod F, Alfaro MP, Buchholz TA, Rosen JM. (2007) WNT/beta-catenin mediates radiation resistance of mouse mammary progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:618–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Shipitsin M, Campbell LL, Argani P, Weremowicz S, Bloushtain-Qimron N, Yao J, Nikolskaya T, Serebryiskaya T, Beroukhim R, Hu M, et al. (2007) Molecular definition of breast tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Cell 11:259–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ben-Porath I, Thomson MW, Carey VJ, Ge R, Bell GW, Regev A, Weinberg RA. (2008) An embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors. Nat Genet 40:499–507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Robert Kypta for critically reading the manuscript. This work was funded, in part, by the Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (Etortek Research Programs 2005/2006/2007) and the Innovation Technology Department of the Basque Country.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cell Biology, Parque Technológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain

    María dM. Vivanco

Authors
  1. María dM. Vivanco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Inst. Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal

    Rune Matthiesen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Vivanco, M.d. (2010). Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. In: Matthiesen, R. (eds) Bioinformatics Methods in Clinical Research. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 593. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-194-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-194-3_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-193-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-194-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation