Summary
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a useful model for genetic studies of vertebrate development. Its embryos are transparent and develop rapidly outside the mother, making it feasible to visualize and manipulate specific cell types in the living animal. Zebrafish is well suited for transgenic manipulation since it is relatively easy to collect large numbers of embryos from adult fish. Several approaches have been developed for introducing transgenes into the zebrafish germline, from the injection of naked DNA to transposon-mediated integration. In particular, the Tol2 transposable element has been shown to create insertions in the zebrafish genome very efficiently. By using Tol2, gene trap and enhancer trap vectors containing the GFP reporter gene or yeast transcription activator Gal4 gene have been developed. Here we outline methodology for creating transgenic zebrafish using Tol2 vectors, and their applications to visualization and manipulation of specific tissues or cells in vivo and for functional studies of vertebrate neural circuits.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B., and Schilling, T. F. (1995) Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203, 253–310
Haffter, P., Granato, M., Brand, M., Mullins, M. C., Hammerschmidt, M., Kane, D. A., Odenthal, J., van Eeden, F. J., Jiang, Y. J., Heisenberg, C. P., Kelsh, R. N., Furutani-Seiki, M., Vogelsang, E., Beuchle, D., Schach, U., Fabian, C., and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1996) The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 123, 1–36
Driever, W., Solnica-Krezel, L., Schier, A. F., Neuhauss, S. C., Malicki, J., Stemple, D. L., Stainier, D. Y., Zwartkruis, F., Abdelilah, S., Rangini, Z., Belak, J., and Boggs, C. (1996) A genetic screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish. Development 123, 37–46
Amsterdam, A., Nissen, R. M., Sun, Z., Swindell, E. C., Farrington, S., and Hopkins, N. (2004) Identification of 315 genes essential for early zebrafish development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 12792–12797
Nasevicius, A. and Ekker, S. C. (2000) Effective targeted gene ‘knockdown’ in zebrafish. Nat Genet 26, 216–220
Xu, Q., Alldus, G., Holder, N., and Wilkinson, D. G. (1995) Expression of truncated Sek-1 receptor tyrosine kinase disrupts the segmental restriction of gene expression in the Xenopus and zebrafish hindbrain. Development 121, 4005–4016
Hammerschmidt, M., Bitgood, M. J., and McMahon, A. P. (1996) Protein kinase A is a common negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling in the vertebrate embryo. Genes Dev 10, 647–658
Xu, Q., Alldus, G., Macdonald, R., Wilkinson, D. G., and Holder, N. (1996) Function of the Eph-related kinase rtk1 in patterning of the zebrafish forebrain. Nature 381, 319–322
Wada, H., Iwasaki, M., Sato, T., Masai, I., Nishiwaki, Y., Tanaka, H., Sato, A., Nojima, Y., and Okamoto, H. (2005) Dual roles of zygotic and maternal Scribble1 in neural migration and convergent extension movements in zebrafish embryos. Development 132, 2273–2285
Xiao, T., Roeser, T., Staub, W., and Baier, H. (2005) A GFP-based genetic screen reveals mutations that disrupt the architecture of the zebrafish retinotectal projection. Development 132, 2955–2967
Stuart, G. W., McMurray, J. V., and Westerfield, M. (1988) Replication, integration and stable germ-line transmission of foreign sequences injected into early zebrafish embryos. Development 103, 403–412
Amsterdam, A., Lin, S., and Hopkins, N. (1995) The Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein can be used as a reporter in live zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 171, 123–129
Long, Q., Meng, A., Wang, H., Jessen, J. R., Farrell, M. J., and Lin, S. (1997) GATA-1 expression pattern can be recapitulated in living transgenic zebrafish using GFP reporter gene. Development 124, 4105–4111
Higashijima, S., Okamoto, H., Ueno, N., Hotta, Y., and Eguchi, G. (1997) High-frequency generation of transgenic zebrafish which reliably express GFP in whole muscles or the whole body by using promoters of zebrafish origin. Dev Biol 192, 289–299
Lin, S., Gaiano, N., Culp, P., Burns, J. C., Friedmann, T., Yee, J. K., and Hopkins, N. (1994) Integration and germ-line transmission of a pseudotyped retroviral vector in zebrafish. Science 265, 666–669
Gaiano, N., Allende, M., Amsterdam, A., Kawakami, K., and Hopkins, N. (1996) Highly efficient germ-line transmission of proviral insertions in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, 7777–7782
Ellingsen, S., Laplante, M. A., Konig, M., Kikuta, H., Furmanek, T., Hoivik, E. A., and Becker, T. S. (2005) Large-scale enhancer detection in the zebrafish genome. Development 132, 3799–3811
Raz, E., van Luenen, H. G., Schaerringer, B., Plasterk, R. H., and Driever, W. (1998) Transposition of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Tc3 element in the zebrafish Danio rerio. Curr Biol 8, 82–88
Fadool, J. M., Hartl, D. L., and Dowling, J. E. (1998) Transposition of the mariner element from Drosophila mauritiana in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 5182–5186
Kawakami, K., Koga, A., Hori, H., and Shima, A. (1998) Excision of the Tol2 transposable element of the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Gene 225, 17–22
Davidson, A. E., Balciunas, D., Mohn, D., Shaffer, J., Hermanson, S., Sivasubbu, S., Cliff, M. P., Hackett, P. B., and Ekker, S. C. (2003) Efficient gene delivery and gene expression in zebrafish using the Sleeping Beauty transposon. Dev Biol 263, 191–202
Kawakami, K. (2005) Transposon tools and methods in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 234, 244–254
Kawakami, K. (2007) Tol2: a versatile gene transfer vector in vertebrates. Genome Biol 8 Suppl 1, S7
Urasaki, A., Morvan, G., and Kawakami, K. (2006) Functional dissection of the Tol2 transposable element identified the minimal cis-sequence and a highly repetitive sequence in the subterminal region essential for transposition. Genetics 174, 639–649
Balciunas, D., Wangensteen, K. J., Wilber, A., Bell, J., Geurts, A., Sivasubbu, S., Wang, X., Hackett, P. B., Largaespada, D. A., McIvor, R. S., and Ekker, S. C. (2006) Harnessing a high cargo-capacity transposon for genetic applications in vertebrates. PLoS Genet 2, e169
Fisher, S., Grice, E. A., Vinton, R. M., Bessling, S. L., Urasaki, A., Kawakami, K., and McCallion, A. S. (2006) Evaluating the biological relevance of putative enhancers using Tol2 transposon-mediated transgenesis in zebrafish. Nat Protoc 1, 1297–1305
Kwan, K. M., Fujimoto, E., Grabher, C., Mangum, B. D., Hardy, M. E., Campbell, D. S., Parant, J. M., Yost, H. J., Kanki, J. P., and Chien, C. B. (2007) The Tol2kit: a multisite gateway-based construction kit for Tol2 transposon transgenesis constructs. Dev Dyn 236, 3088–3099
Villefranc, J. A., Amigo, J., and Lawson, N. D. (2007) Gateway compatible vectors for analysis of gene function in the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 236, 3077–3087
Kawakami, K., Takeda, H., Kawakami, N., Kobayashi, M., Matsuda, N., and Mishina, M. (2004) A transposon-mediated gene trap approach identifies developmentally regulated genes in zebrafish. Dev Cell 7, 133–144
Parinov, S., Kondrichin, I., Korzh, V., and Emelyanov, A. (2004) Tol2 transposon-mediated enhancer trap to identify developmentally regulated zebrafish genes in vivo. Dev Dyn 231, 449–459
Nagayoshi, S., Hayashi, E., Abe, G., Osato, N., Asakawa, K., Urasaki, A., Horikawa, K., Ikeo, K., Takeda, H., and Kawakami, K. (2008) Insertional mutagenesis by the Tol2 transposon-mediated enhancer trap approach generated mutations in two developmental genes: tcf7 and synembryn-like. Development 135, 159–169
Davison, J. M., Akitake, C. M., Goll, M. G., Rhee, J. M., Gosse, N., Baier, H., Halpern, M. E., Leach, S. D., and Parsons, M. J. (2007) Transactivation from Gal4-VP16 transgenic insertions for tissue-specific cell labeling and ablation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 304, 811–824
Scott, E. K., Mason, L., Arrenberg, A. B., Ziv, L., Gosse, N. J., Xiao, T., Chi, N. C., Asakawa, K., Kawakami, K., and Baier, H. (2007) Targeting neural circuitry in zebrafish using GAL4 enhancer trapping. Nat Methods 4, 323–326
Asakawa, K., Suster, M. L., Mizusawa, K., Nagayoshi, S., Kotani, T., Urasaki, A., Kishimoto, Y., Hibi, M., and Kawakami, K. (2008) Genetic dissection of neural circuits by Tol2 transposon-mediated Gal4 gene and enhancer trapping in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105, 1255–1260
Kawakami, K. and Shima, A. (1999) Identification of the Tol2 transposase of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes that catalyzes excision of a nonautonomous Tol2 element in zebrafish Danio rerio. Gene 240, 239–244
Kotani, T. and Kawakami, K. (2008) Misty somites, a maternal effect gene identified by transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish that is essential for the somite boundary maintenance. Dev Biol 316, 383–396
Schiavo, G., Benfenati, F., Poulain, B., Rossetto, O., Polverino de Laureto, P., DasGupta, B. R., and Montecucco, C. (1992) Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359, 832–835
Kawakami, K. (2004) Transgenesis and gene trap methods in zebrafish by using the Tol2 transposable element. Methods Cell Biol 77, 201–222
Kotani, T., Nagayoshi, S., Urasaki, A., and Kawakami, K. (2006) Transposon-mediated gene trapping in zebrafish. Methods 39, 199–206
Acknowledgments
We thank postdoctoral fellowships from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (MLS and KA) and the Takeda Research Foundation (MLS) and from National Institute of Genetics (HK), and the National BioResource Project and grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Suster, M.L., Kikuta, H., Urasaki, A., Asakawa, K., Kawakami, K. (2009). Transgenesis in Zebrafish with the Tol2 Transposon System. In: Cartwright, E. (eds) Transgenesis Techniques. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 561. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-019-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-019-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-018-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-019-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols