Skip to main content

Assessing Expression of Apoptotic Markers Using Large Cohort Tissue Microarrays

  • Protocol
Apoptosis and Cancer

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 414))

Summary

Apoptotic markers include proteins from the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. These cascades include both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic elements. The expression levels of these elements can be assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and can indicate general trends in pro- versus anti-apoptotic tendencies of the cells. IHC is particularly useful when studying large cohorts of paraffin-embedded specimens. Advances in tissue microarray (TMA) technology have facilitated evaluation of large cohorts of specimens, as cores from hundreds of patients can be represented on a single glass slide and stained in a uniform fashion. In this chapter, we discuss construction and staining methods of TMAs and present examples of assessment of apoptotic marker expression in malignant and benign cells using a novel method of automated, quantitative analysis of in situ protein expression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R.A. (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100, 57–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hengartner, M.O. (2000) The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407, 770–776.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhang, X.D., Borrow, J.M., Zhang, X.Y., Nguyen, T., and Hersey, P. (2003) Activation of ERK1/2 protects melanoma cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Smac/DIABLO release from mitochondria. Oncogene 22, 2869–2881.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wan, W.H., Fortuna, M.B., and Furmanski, P.A. (1987) rapid and efficient method for testing immunohistochemical reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against multiple tissue samples simultaneously. J Immunol Methods 103, 121–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kononen, J., Bubendorf, L., Kallioniemi, A., Barlund, M., Schraml, P., Leighton, S., Torhorst, J., Mihatsch, M.J., Sauter, G., and Kallioniemi, O.P. (1998) Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med 4, 844–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bova, G.S., Parmigiani, G., Epstein, J.I., Wheeler, T., Mucci, N.R., and Rubin, M.A. (2001) Web-based tissue microarray image data analysis: initial validation testing through prostate cancer Gleason grading. Hum Pathol 32, 417–427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Camp, R.L., Charette, L.A., and Rimm, D.L. (2000) Validation of tissue microarray technology in breast carcinoma. Lab Invest 80, 1943–1949.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hoos, A., Urist, M.J., Stojadinovic, A., Mastorides, S., Dudas, M.E., Leung, D.H., Kuo, D., Brennan, M.F., Lewis, J.J., and Cordon-Cardo, C. (2001) Validation of tissue microarrays for immunohistochemical profiling of cancer specimens using the example of human fibroblastic tumors. Am J Pathol 158, 1245–1251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Giltnane, J.M., and Rimm, D.L. (2004) Technology insight: identification of biomarkers with tissue microarray technology. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 1, 104–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. DiVito, K.A., Charette, L.A., Rimm, D.L., and Camp, R.L. (2004) Long-term preservation of antigenicity on tissue microarrays. Lab Invest 84, 1071–1078.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kluger, H.M., DiVito, K., Berger, A.J., Halaban, R., Ariyan, S., Camp, R.L., and Rimm, D.L. (2004) Her2/neu is not a commonly expressed therapeutic target in melanoma. Melanoma Res 14, 207–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Divito, K.A., Berger, A.J., Camp, R.L., Dolled-Filhart, M., Rimm, D.L., and Kluger, H.M. (2004) Automated quantitative analysis of tissue microarrays reveals an association between high Bcl-2 expression and improved outcome in melanoma. Cancer Res. 64, 8773–8777.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. McCarthy, M.M., Sznol, M., DiVito, K.A., Camp, R.L., Rimm, D.L., and Kluger, H.M. (2005) Evaluating the expression and prognostic value of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11, 5188–5194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Camp, R.L., Chung, G.G., and Rimm, D.L. (2002) Automated subcellular localization and quantification of protein expression in tissue microarrays. Nat Med 8, 1323–1327.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Camp, R.L., Dolled-Filhart, M., King, B.L., and Rimm, D.L. (2003) Quantitative analysis of breast cancer tissue microarrays shows that both high and normal levels of HER2 expression are associated with poor outcome. Cancer Res 63, 1445–1448.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Koscielny, S., Terrier, P., Spielmann, M., and Delarue, J.C. (1998) Prognostic importance of low c-erbB2 expression in breast tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 90, 712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rubin, M.A., Zerkowski, M.P., Camp, R.L., Kuefer, R., Hofer, M.D., Chinnaiyan, A.M., and Rimm, D.L. (2004) Quantitative determination of expression of the prostate cancer protein alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase using automated quantitative analysis (AQUA): a novel paradigm for automated and continuous biomarker measurements. Am J Pathol 164, 831–840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Camp, R.L., Chung, G.G., and Rimm, D.L. (2002) Automated subcellular localization and quantification of protein expression in tissue microarrays. Nat Med 11, 1323–1327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press Inc.

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Pick, E., McCarthy, M.M., Kluger, H.M. (2008). Assessing Expression of Apoptotic Markers Using Large Cohort Tissue Microarrays. In: Mor, G., Alvero, A.B. (eds) Apoptosis and Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 414. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-339-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-339-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-457-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-339-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics