Abstract
Transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq) has revolutionized forward-genetic analyses to study genotype–phenotype associations and interrogate bacterial cell physiology. The Tn-seq approach allows the en masse monitoring of highly complex mutant libraries, leveraging massive parallel DNA sequencing as a means to characterize the composition of these mutant pools on a genome-scale with unprecedented nucleotide-level high resolution. In this chapter, we present step-by-step protocols for Tn-seq analyses in the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus or GAS) using the mariner-based Krmit transposon. We detail how to generate highly complex Krmit mutant libraries in GAS and the en masse production of Krmit insertion tags for Illumina sequencing of the transposon–genome junctions for Tn-seq analyses. Most of the protocols presented here were developed and implemented using the S. pyogenes M1T1 serotype clinical isolate 5448, but they have been successfully applied to multiple GAS serotypes as well as other pathogenic Streptococci.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
van Opijnen T, Bodi KL, Camilli A (2009) Tn-seq: high-throughput parallel sequencing for fitness and genetic interaction studies in microorganisms. Nat Methods 6(10):767–772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1377
Gawronski JD, Wong SM, Giannoukos G et al (2009) Tracking insertion mutants within libraries by deep sequencing and a genome-wide screen for Haemophilus genes required in the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(38):16422–16427. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906627106
Akerley BJ, Rubin EJ, Camilli A et al (1998) Systematic identification of essential genes by in vitro mariner mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(15):8927–8932. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.15.8927
Goodman AL, McNulty NP, Zhao Y et al (2009) Identifying genetic determinants needed to establish a human gut symbiont in its habitat. Cell Host Microbe 6(3):279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.08.003
Langridge GC, Phan MD, Turner DJ et al (2009) Simultaneous assay of every Salmonella Typhi gene using one million transposon mutants. Genome Res 19(12):2308–2316. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.097097.109
van Opijnen T, Camilli A (2013) Transposon insertion sequencing: a new tool for systems-level analysis of microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 11(7):435–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3033
Barquist L, Boinett CJ, Cain AK (2013) Approaches to querying bacterial genomes with transposon-insertion sequencing. RNA Biol 10(7):1161–1169. https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.24765
Kwon YM, Ricke SC, Mandal RK (2016) Transposon sequencing: methods and expanding applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100(1):31–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7037-8
Le Breton Y, Belew AT, Valdes KM et al (2015) Essential genes in the Core genome of the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. Sci Rep 5:9838. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09838
Le Breton Y, Belew AT, Freiberg JA et al (2017) Genome-wide discovery of novel M1T1 group a streptococcal determinants important for fitness and virulence during soft-tissue infection. PLoS Pathog 13(8):e1006584. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006584
van der Beek SL, Le Breton Y, Ferenbach AT et al (2015) GacA is essential for group a streptococcus and defines a new class of monomeric dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductases (RmlD). Mol Microbiol 98(5):946–962. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.13169
van Hensbergen VP, Movert E, de Maat V et al (2018) Streptococcal Lancefield polysaccharides are critical cell wall determinants for human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 to exert its bactericidal effects. PLoS Pathog 14(10):e1007348. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007348
Edgar RJ, van Hensbergen VP, Ruda A et al (2019) Discovery of glycerol phosphate modification on streptococcal rhamnose polysaccharides. Nat Chem Biol 15(5):463–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-019-0251-4
Le Breton Y, McIver KS (2013) Genetic manipulation of Streptococcus pyogenes (the group a streptococcus, GAS). Curr Protoc Microbiol 30:9D.3.1–9D.3.29. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471729259.mc09d03s30
Le Breton Y, Mistry P, Valdes KM et al (2013) Genome-wide identification of genes required for fitness of group a streptococcus in human blood. Infect Immun 81(3):862–875. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00837-12
Zhu L, Charbonneau ARL, Waller AS et al (2017) Novel genes required for the fitness of Streptococcus pyogenes in human saliva. mSphere 2(6):e00460–e00417. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphereDirect.00460-17
Zhu L, Olsen RJ, Beres SB et al (2019) Gene fitness landscape of group a streptococcus during necrotizing myositis. J Clin Invest 129(2):887–901. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI124994
Miroux B, Walker JE (1996) Over-production of proteins in Escherichia coli: mutant hosts that allow synthesis of some membrane proteins and globular proteins at high levels. J Mol Biol 260(3):289–298. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1996.0399
Aziz RK, Pabst MJ, Jeng A et al (2004) Invasive M1T1 group a streptococcus undergoes a phase-shift in vivo to prevent proteolytic degradation of multiple virulence factors by SpeB. Mol Microbiol 51(1):123–134. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03797
van Opijnen T, Lazinski DW, Camilli A (2014) Genome-wide fitness and genetic interactions determined by Tn-seq, a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing method for microorganisms. Curr Protoc Mol Biol 106:7.16.1–17.16.24. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb0716s106
Patel RK, Jain M (2012) NGS QC toolkit: a toolkit for quality control of next generation sequencing data. PLoS One 7(2):e30619. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030619
Stajich JE, Block D, Boulez K et al (2002) The Bioperl toolkit: Perl modules for the life sciences. Genome Res 12(10):1611–1618. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.361602
Martin M (2011) Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J 17:10–12
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15):2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Langmead B (2010) Aligning short sequencing reads with bowtie. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics . Chapter 11:Unit 11.7. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471250953.bi1107s32
Langmead B, Salzberg SL (2012) Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9(4):357–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1923
Langmead B, Trapnell C, Pop M, Salzberg SL (2009) Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome. Genome Biol 10(3):R25. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25
Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T et al (2009) The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25(16):2078–2079. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352
Anders S, Huber W (2010) Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. Genome Biol 11(10):R106. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106
Burby PE, Nye TM, Schroeder JW, Simmons LA (2017) Implementation and data analysis of Tn-seq, whole-genome Resequencing, and single-molecule real-time sequencing for bacterial genetics. J Bacteriol 199(1):e00560–e00516. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00560-16
DeJesus MA, Ioerger TR (2013) A hidden Markov model for identifying essential and growth-defect regions in bacterial genomes from transposon insertion sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 14:303. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-1114-1303
DeJesus MA, Zhang YJ, Sassetti CM et al (2013) Bayesian analysis of gene essentiality based on sequencing of transposon insertion libraries. Bioinformatics 29(6):695–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt043
McCoy KM, Antonio ML, van Opijnen T (2017) MAGenTA; a galaxy implemented tool for complete Tn-Seq analysis and data visualization. Bioinformatics 33(17):2781–2783. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx320
Solaimanpour S, Sarmiento F, Mrázek J (2015) Tn-seq explorer: a tool for analysis of high-throughput sequencing data of transposon mutant libraries. PLoS One 10(5):e0126070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126070
Zomer A, Burghout P, Bootsma HJ et al (2012) ESSENTIALS: software for rapid analysis of high throughput transposon insertion sequencing data. PLoS One 7(8):e43012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043012
Acknowledgments
Material has been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. There is no objection to its presentation and/or publication. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. This work was supported by grants (AI047928 and AI094773) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Le Breton, Y., Belew, A.T., McIver, K.S. (2020). Protocols for Tn-seq Analyses in the Group A Streptococcus. In: Proft, T., Loh, J. (eds) Group A Streptococcus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2136. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0466-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0467-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols