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Autoimmunhepatitis

Von der ersten Therapie zum differenzierten Vorgehen

Autoimmune hepatitis

From the initial therapy to the differentiated approach

  • Schwerpunkt
  • Published:
Der Gastroenterologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Autoimmunhepatitis (AIH) ist zwar eine seltene Erkrankung, zeigt aber wie andere Autoimmunerkrankungen in der westlichen Welt eine ansteigende Inzidenz und hat unbehandelt einen schlechten natürlichen Verlauf.

Ziel der Arbeit

Der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zur Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Behandlung der AIH soll dargestellt werden.

Material und Methoden

Er werden die gültigen nationalen sowie internationalen Leitlinien und exemplarische aktuelle publizierte Studien zusammengefasst.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Die Therapie der AIH aus Prednisolon  ± Azathioprin war beginnend in den 1960er-Jahren die erste medikamentöse Therapie einer Lebererkrankung, die die Lebenserwartung nachweislich verbessern konnte. Seit dem Jahr 2011 ist zusätzlich Budesonid für AIH-Patienten ohne Leberzirrhose als alternatives Steroid mit weniger systemischen Nebenwirkungen zugelassen. Abgesehen davon hat sich die initiale Erstlinientherapie der AIH in den letzten 40 Jahren nicht grundlegend verändert. Das Therapieziel der kompletten biochemischen Remission wird bei etwa 70–80 % der Patienten erreicht. Bei hohen Rückfallraten trotz langanhaltender biochemischer und histologischer Remission ist bei den meisten Patienten eine lebenslange Therapie notwendig. Bisherige Zweitlinientherapien beruhen vor allem auf retrospektiven Studienergebnissen und daher fehlen einheitliche Empfehlungen zur Zweitlinientherapie von den internationalen Fachgesellschaften. Ebenso wurde keine Zweitlinientherapie von den Zulassungsbehörden wie Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oder European Medicines Agency (EMA) zugelassen.

Abstract

Background

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare disease with an increasing incidence, as is the case in other autoimmune diseases, and if untreated has a detrimental natural disease course.

Aim

Current knowledge regarding etiology, diagnosis, and management of AIH are described.

Materials and methods

Current national as well as international guidelines are summarized and recently published studies are highlighted.

Results and discussion

Beginning in the 1960s, AIH therapy with predniso(lo)ne ± azathioprine was the first drug therapy that showed improved survival in a liver disease. Budesonide, an alternative topical steroid with fewer systemic side effects, was approved for AIH therapy in noncirrhotic patients in 2011. Apart from this, the initial first-line AIH therapy has not fundamentally changed in the last 40 years. Complete biochemical remission as the aim of therapy can be achieved in approximately 70–80% of patients. Even after long-lasting biochemical and histological remission, high relapse rates are observed; thus, the majority of patients require life-long immunosuppressive therapy. Currently used second-line therapies are based on retrospective studies with limited numbers of patients; clear recommendations from international expert groups are lacking. These second-line therapies are not approved by regulatory authorities such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA).

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Correspondence to M. P. Manns.

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Interessenkonflikt

R. Taubert erhielt Vortragshonorare von den Firmen Falk Foundation GmbH, MSD und Abbvie. Daneben erhielt er Kongressreiseunterstützung durch die Firma Astellas und einen von Astellas gesponserten Forschungspreis. M.P. Manns erhielt und erhält Vertragshonorare von den Firmen Falk Foundation GmbH und Novartis sowie Reisekostenerstattungen.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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C. Strassburg, Bonn

C. Trautwein, Aachen

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Taubert, R., Manns, M.P. Autoimmunhepatitis. Gastroenterologe 13, 189–194 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-018-0251-z

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