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Vatnajökull and Glaciers of Eastern Iceland

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The Glaciers of Iceland

Part of the book series: Atlantis Advances in Quaternary Science ((AAQS,volume 2))

Abstract

Vatnajökull (7800 km2 and 2900 km3) is the largest ice cap of both Iceland and Europe. This chapter contains a detailed description of the types, shapes, sizes, locations, and relevant scientific data of all of its main ice domes, ice flows, and outlet glaciers, as well as some of their recorded local histories, folklore and legends. Iceland’s largest rivers originate from this glacier, and beneath it lie the country’s most active volcanoes, geothermal areas and subglacial lakes, which drain in frequent jökulhlaups. Skeiðarársandur is the world’s largest outwash plain in front of a presently active glacier. Grímsvötn is the most renowned subglacial lake, and Jökulsárlón on Breiðamerkusandur is the largest proglacial lagoon into which Breiðamerkurjökull calves. The around 30 outlet glaciers advanced several km after the settlement of Iceland until the end of the 19th century. Surges have been frequent in about ten of the main outlets, the largest in Brúarjökull. Skeiðarárjökull and Breiðamerkurjökull have eroded their beds up to 300 m below sea level. More than 80 volcanic sub- or proglacial volcanic eruptions have taken place over the last 800 years, the most catastrophic occurring in Öræfajökull, the fourth largest stratovolcano is Europe, in 1362, and with the Laki Fires of 1783–84. Nowhere in Iceland has the relationship between man, glaciers and rivers been as intimate as in the vicinity of Vatnajökull. Many expeditions onto this huge glacier are described along with some of the unique findings in the history of glaciology that they produced.

Where the glacier meets the sky, the land ceases to be earthly, and the earth becomes one with the heavens; no sorrows live there anymore, and therefore joy is not necessary; beauty alone reigns there, beyond all demands. (Laxness, World Light, 2002 [1937], p. 453)

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    Helgi Björnsson

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Björnsson, H. (2017). Vatnajökull and Glaciers of Eastern Iceland. In: The Glaciers of Iceland. Atlantis Advances in Quaternary Science , vol 2. Atlantis Press, Paris. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-207-6_8

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