Abstract
Using time series measurements of velocity, carbon dioxideand water vapour concentration, and temperature collected justabove a 15 m tall even-aged pine forest, we quantify the roleof organized motion on scalar and momentum transport withinthe nocturnal canopy sublayer (CSL). We propose a frameworkin which the nocturnal CSL has two end-members, bothdominated by organised motion. These end-members representfully developed turbulent flows at near-neutral or slightly stablestratification and no turbulence for very stable stratification.Our analysis suggests that ramps dominate scalar transport fornear-neutral and slightly stable conditions, while linear canopywaves dominate the flow dynamics for very stable conditions.For intermediate stability, the turbulence is highly damped andoften dominated by fine scale motions. Co-spectral analysissuggests that ramps are the most efficient net scalar mass-transportingagent while linear canopy waves contribute little to net scalartransport between the canopy and atmosphere for averagingintervals that include complete wave cycles. However, canopywaves significantly contribute to the spectral properties of thescalar time series. Ramps are the most frequently occurringorganised motion in the nocturnal CSL for this site.Numerous night-time runs, however, resided between thesetwo end-members. Our analysis suggests that whenradiative perturbations are sufficient large (>20 W m-2 innet radiation), the flow can switch from being highly dampedfine-scale turbulence to being organized with ramp-like properties. We also found that when ramps are already the dominant eddymotion in the nocturnal CSL, radiative perturbations have aminor impact on scalar transport. Finally, in agreement withprevious studies, we found that ramps and canopy waves havecomparable length scales of about 30–60 metres. Consequencesto night-time flux averaging are also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baldocchi, D. D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, Ch., Davis, K., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, J. W., Oechel, W., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson K., and Wofsy, S.: 2001, 'FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide,Water Vapour and Energy Flux Densities', Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 2415–2435.
Barford, C.C., Wofsy, S.C., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Pyle, E. H., Urbanski, S. P., Hutyra, L., Saleska, S. R., Fitzjarrald, D., and Moore, K.: 2001, 'Factors Controlling Long-and Short-Term Sequestration of Atmospheric CO2 in a Mid-Latitude Forest', Science 294, 1688–1691.
BergstrÖm, H. and HÖgstrom, U.: 1989, 'Turbulent Exchange above a Pine Forest. II Organised Structures', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 49, 231–263.
BergstrÖm, H. and Smedman, A. S.: 1994, 'Stably Stratified Flow in a Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 72, 239–265.
Brunet, Y. and Irvine, M. R.: 2000, 'The Control of Coherent Eddies in Vegetation Canopies: Streamwise Structure Spacing, Canopy Shear Scale and Atmospheric Stability', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 94, 139–163.
Brunet, Y. and Collineau, S.: 1994, 'Wavelet Analysis of Diurnal and Nocturnal Turbulence above a Maize Crops', in Efi Foufoula-Georgiou and Praveen Kumar (eds.), Wavelet in Geophysics, Academic Press, Inc., pp. 129–150.
Bush, N. E.: 1969, 'Waves and Turbulence', Radio Sci. 4, 1377–1379.
Caughey, S. J.: 1977, 'Boundary-Layer Turbulence Spectra in Stable Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 11, 3–14.
Caughey, S. J. and Readings, C. J.: 1975, 'An Observation of Waves and Turbulence in the Earth's Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 9, 279–296.
Collineau, S. and Brunet, Y.: 1993, 'Detection of Turbulent Coherent Motions in a Forest Canopy, Part II: Timescales and Conditional Averages', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 66, 49–73.
de Baas, A. F. and Driedonks, G. M.: 1985: 'Internal Gravity Waves in a Stably Stratified Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 31, 303–323.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Tenhunen, J., Aubinet, M., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Clement, R., Davis, K. J., Elbers, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Grelle, A., Granier, A., Guomundsson, J., Hollinger, D., Kowalski, A. S., Katul, G., Law, B. E., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Oechel, W., Paw, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, U., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Valentini, R., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: 2002, 'Seasonality of Ecosystem Respiration and Gross Primary Production as Derived from FLUXNET Measurements', Agric. For. Meteorol. 113, 53–74.
Finnigan, J. J.: 2000, 'Turbulence in Plant Canopies', Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 32, 519–571.
Fitzjarrald, D. R. and Moore, K. E.: 1990, 'Mechanisms of Nocturnal Exchange between the Rain Forest and the Atmosphere', J. Geophys. Res. 95D, 16839–16850.
Gao, W., Shaw, R. H., and Paw U, K. T.: 1989, 'Observation of Organised Structures in Turbulent Flow within and above a Forest Canopy', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 47, 349–377.
Garratt, J. R.: 1992, The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 316 pp.
Hu, X., Lee, X., Stevens, D. E., and Smith, R. B.: 2002, 'A Numerical Study of Nocturnal Wavelike Motion in Forests', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 102, 199–223.
Hunt, J. C. R., Kaimal, J. C., and Gaynor, J. E.: 1985, 'Some Observations of Turbulence Structure in a Stable Layer', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 111, 793–815.
Jenkins, G. M. and Watts, D. G.: 1968, in Spectral Analysis and its Applications, Holden-Day, Oackland, pp. 344–348.
Katul, G. and Vidakovic, B.: 1998, 'Identification of Low-Dimensional Energy Containing/Flux Transporting Eddy Motion in the Atmospheric Surface Layer Using Wavelet Thresholding Methods', J. Atmos. Sci. 55, 377–389.
Katul, G. G., Geron, C. D. Hsieh, C. I. Vidakovic, B., and Guenther, A. B.: 1998, 'Active Turbulence and Scalar Transport near the Land-Atmosphere Interface', J. Appl. Meteorol. 37, 1533–1546.
Katul, G. G., Hsieh, C. I. Kuhn, G., Ellsworth, D., and Nie, D.: 1997, 'The Turbulent Eddy Motion at the Forest-Atmosphere Interface', J. Geophys. Res. 102, 13409–13421.
Kolmogorov, A. N.: 1941, 'The Local Structure of Turbulence in Incompressible Viscous Fluid for Very Large Reynolds Number', Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 30, 9–13.
Lai, C. T., Katul, G. G., Butnor, J., Siqueira, M., Ellsworth, D., Maier, C., Johnsen, K., McKeand, S., and Oren, R.: 2002, 'Modeling the Limits on the Response of Net Carbon Exchange to Fertilization in a Southeastern Pine Forest', Plant Cell Environ. 25, 1095–1119.
Lee, X.: 1997, 'Gravity Waves in a Forest: A Linear Analysis', J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 2574–2585.
Lee, X. and Barr, A. G.: 1998, 'Climatology of Gravity Waves in a Forest', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 124, 1403–1419.
Lee, X., Black, T. A., den Hartog, G., Neumann, H. H., Nesic, Z., and Olejnik, J.: 1996, 'Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Nocturnal Processes over a Mixed Deciduous Forest', Agric. For. Meteorol. 81, 13–29.
Lee, X., Neumann, H. H., den Hartog, G., Fuentes, J. D., Black, T. A., Mickle, R. E., Yang, P. C., and Blanken, P. D.: 1997, 'Observation of Gravity Waves in a Boreal Forest', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 84, 383–398.
Mahrt, L.: 1999, 'Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 375–396.
McMillen, R. T.: 1988, 'An Eddy Correlation Technique with Extended Applicability to Non-Simple Terrain', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 231–245.
Nai-Ping, L., Neff, W. D., and Kaimal, J. C.: 1983, 'Waves and Turbulence Structure in a Disturbed Nocturnal Inversion', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 26, 141–155.
Nappo, C. J.: 1991: 'Sporadic Breakdowns of Stability in the PBL over Simple and Complex Terrain', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 54, 69–87.
Paw U, K. T., Brunet, Y., Collineau, S., Shaw, R. H., Maitani, T., Qiu, J., and Hipps, L.: 1992, 'On Coherent Structures in Turbulence above and within Agricultural Plant Canopies', Agric. For. Meteorol. 61, 55–68.
Press, W. H., Vetterling, W., Teukolsky, S., and Flannery, B.: 1992, Numerical Recipes in Fortran, Cambridge University Press, 962 pp.
Raupach, M. R. and Thom, A. S.: 1981, 'Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies', Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13, 97–129.
Raupach, M. R., Finnigan, J. J., and Brunet, Y.: 1996, 'Coherent Eddies and Turbulence in Vegetal Canopies: The Mixing Layer Analogy', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 351–382.
Shaw, R. H., Paw U, K. T., and Gao, W.: 1989, 'Detection of Temperature Ramps and Flow Structures at a Deciduous Forest Site', Agric. For. Meteorol. 47, 123–138.
Siqueira, M. B., Katul, G. G., and Lai, C. T.: 2002, 'Quantifying Net Ecosystem Exchange by Multilevel Ecophysiological and Turbulent Transport Models', Adv. Water Resour. 25, 1357–1366.
Smedman, A. S.: 1988, 'Observation of a Multi-Level Turbulence Structure in a Very Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 44, 231–253.
Stewart, R. W.: 1969, 'Turbulence and Waves in a Stratified Atmosphere', Radio Sci. 4, 1269–1278.
Stull, R.: 1988, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 666 pp.
Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A. J., Schulze, E. D., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Granier, A., Gross, P., Jensen, N. O., Pilegaard, K., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Bernhofer, C., Grunwald, T., Aubinet, M., Ceulemans, R., Kowalski, A. S., Vesala, T., Rannik, U., Berbigier, P., Loustau, D., Guomundsson, J., Thorgeirsson, H., Ibrom, A., Morgenstern, K., Clement, R., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Minerbi, S., and Jarvis, P. G.: 2000, Respiration as the Main Determinant of Carbon Balance in European Forests', Nature 404, 861–865.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cava, D., Giostra, U., Siqueira, M. et al. Organised Motion and Radiative Perturbations in the Nocturnal Canopy Sublayer above an Even-Aged Pine Forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 112, 129–157 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000020160.28184.a0
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BOUN.0000020160.28184.a0