References
Kohn LD, Giuliani C, Montani V, Napolitano G, Ohmori M, Ohta M, Saji M, Schuppert F, Shong M-H, Suzuki K, Taniguchi S-I, Yano K, Singer DS. Antireceptor Immunity. Austin/Georgetown: RG Landes Biomedical Publishers, 1995:115–170.
Kohn LD, Shimura H, Shimura Y, Hidaka A, Giuliani C, Napolitano G, Ohmori M, Laglia G, Saji M. The thyrotropin receptor. Vitam Horm 1995;50:287–384.
Kohn LD, Hoffman WH, Tombaccini D, Marcocci C, Shimojo N, Watanabe Y, Amino N, Kohno Y, Hirai A, Tahara K. Characterization of monoclonal thyroid stimulating and thyrotropin binding inhibiting autoantibodies from a Hashimoto's patient whose children had intrauterine and neonatal thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3998–4009.
Kohn LD, Winand RJ. Characterization of the thyrotropin receptor and its involvement in exophthalmos. Molecular Aspects of Membrane Phenomena. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975:149–181.
Yue SJ, Enomoto T, Matsumoto Y, Kawai K, Volpe R. Thyrocyte class I and class II upregulation is a secondary phenomenon and does not contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 1998;8:755–763.
Todd I, Londei M, Pujol-Borrell R, Mirakian R, Feldmann M, Bottazzo GF. HLA-D/DR expression on epithelial cells: the finger on the trigger. Annals NY Acad Sci 1986;475:241–249.
Weetman AP, McGregor AM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: further developments in our understanding. Endocr Rev 1994;15:788–830.
Singer DS, Mozes E, Kirshner S, Kohn LD. Role of MHC class I molecules in autoimmune disease. Critical Reviews in Immunology 1997;17:463–468.
Montani V, Taniguchi S-I, Shong M, Suzuki K, Giuliani C, Napolitano G, Saito J, Saji M, Fiorentino B, Reimold AM, Ting JP-Y, Kohn LD, Singer DS. Major histocompatibility (MHC) class II gene expression in thyrocytes: Counterregulation by CIITA and the thyroid Y box protein (TSEP-1). Endocrinology 1998;139:280–289.
Costagliola S, Alcalde L, Ruf J, Vassart G, Ludgate M. Induction of thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies and thyroiditis in mice immunized with recombinant TSH-R. J Mol Endocrinol 1994;13:11–21.
Carayanniotis G, Huang GC, Nicholson LB, Scott T, Allain P, McGregor AM, Banga JP. Unaltered thyroid function in mice responding to a highly immunogenic thyrotropin receptor: implications for the establishment of a mouse model for Graves' disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;99:294–302.
Vlase H, Nakashima M, Graves PN, Tomer Y, Morris JC, Davies TF. Defining the major antibody epitopes on the human TSH receptor in immunized mice. Endocrinology 1995;136:4415–4423.
Shimojo N, Kohno Y, Yamaguchi K-I, Kikuoka S-I, Hoshioka A, Niimi H, Hirai A, Tamura Y, Saito Y, Kohn LD, Tahara K. Induction of Graves'-like disease in mice by immunization with ®broblasts transfected with the thyrotropin receptor and a class II molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:11074–11079.
Yamaguchi K-I, Shimojo N, Kikuoka S, Hoshioka A, Hirai A, Tahara K, Kohn LD, Kohno Y, Niimi H. Genetic Control of antithyrotropin receptor antibody generation in H-2k mice immunized with thyrotropin receptor-transfected fibroblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:4266–4269.
Kikuoka S, Shimojo N, Yamaguchi K-I, Watanabe Y, Hoshioka A, Hirai A, Saito Y, Tahara K, Kohn LD, Kohno Y, Niimi H. The formation of thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies in a Graves' animal model requires the N-terminal segment of the TSHR extracellular domain. Endocrinology 1998;139:1891–1898.
Kita M, Ahmad L, Marians RC, Vlase H, Unger P, Graves PN, Davies TF. Regulation and transfer of thyrotropin receptor antibody mediated Graves' disease. Endocrinology 1999;140:1392–1398.
Jaume JC, Guo J, Wang Y, Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Cellular thyroid peroxidase (TPO), unlike purified TPO and adjuvant, induces antibodies in mice that resemble autoantibodies in human autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1651–1657.
Gianani R, Sarvetnick N. Viruses, cytokines, antigens, and autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:2257–2259.
Horwitz MS, Bradley LM, Harbertson J, Krahl T, Lee J, Sarvetnick N. Diabetes induced by Coxsackie virus: initiation by bystander damage and not molecular mimicry. Nat Med 1998; 4:781–785.
Wekerle H. The viral triggering of autoimmune disease. Nat Med 1998;4:770–771.
Benoist C, Mathis D. Autoimmunity: The pathogen connection. Nature 1998;394:227–228.
Tomer Y, Davies T. Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity. Endocr Rev 1993;14:107–121.
Schuppert F, Rambusch E, Kirchner H, Atzpodien J, Kohn LD, von zur MuÈhlen A. Patients treated with interferon-a, interferon-b, and interleukin-2 have a different thyroid autoantibody pattern than patients suffering from endogenous autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 1997;7:837–842.
Tang H, Sharp GC, Peterson KP, Braley-Mullen H. IFN-gamma de ficient mice develop severe granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis with eosinophil infiltration in thyroids. J Immunol 1998;160:5105–5112.
Alimi E, Huang S, Brazillet MP, Charreire J. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in mice lacking the IFN-gamma receptor gene. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:201–208.
Suzuki K, Mori A, Ishii KJ, Saito J, Singer DS, Klinman DM, Krause PR, Kohn LD. Activation of target tissue immune recognition molecules by double strand polynucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999:96:2285–2290.
Singer DS, Kohn LD, Zinger H, Mozes E. Methimazole can prevent development of disease in an experimental model of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 1994;153:873–880.
Singer DS, Zinger H, Kohn LD, Mozes E. Differing major histocompatibility class I requirements for induction and propagation of experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:2259–2268.
Kohn LD, Curley RW Jr, Rice JM. Methimazole derivatives and tautomeric cyclic thiones to treat autoimmune disease. US Patent Application 1999; Serial No. 09/144,311.
Kohn LD, Suzuki K, Mori A, Iishi K, Klinman DM, Rice JM. Immune activation by double strand polynucleotides. US Patent Application 1999; Serial No. 09/151,612.
Castoglia S, Rodien P, Many M-C, Ludgate M, Vassart G. Gennetic immunization against the human thyrotropin receptor causes thyroiditis and allows production of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the native receptor. J Immunol 1998;160:1458–1465.
Caturegli P, Hejazi M, Suzuki K, Dohan O, Carrasco N, Kohn LD, Rose NR. Hypothyroidism in transgenic mice expressing IFNg in the thyroid gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; in press.
Heward JM, Allahabadia A, Armitage M, Hattersley A, Dodson PM, Macleod K, Carr-Smith J, Daykin J, Daly A, Sheppard MC, Holder RL, Barnett AH, Franklyn JA, Gough CL. The development of Graves' disease and the CTLA-4 gene on chromosome 2q33. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2398–2401.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kohn, L.D., Shimojo, N., Kohno, Y. et al. An Animal Model of Graves' Disease: Understanding the Cause of Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 1, 59–67 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010064403940
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010064403940