Abstract
Astrocytoma and ependymoma make up 90% of intramedullary tumors between them. However, a host of less common tumors form the remaining 10%: these include hemangioblastomas, subependymomas, gangliogliomas and other neuronal variants, metastases from extraneural cancers, and a host of other lesions that typically occur intracranially but which present on rare occasions in the intramedullary location. Most neurosurgeons will encounter the unusual tumors of the spinal cord described in this review only a few times during their professional careers, but it is nevertheless important to recognize the distinct radiological and intraoperative features of those for which significant series of patients have been accumulated. Metastases and germinomas aside, the other neoplasms described here are relatively benign in their clinical and histological behavior, and can be meaningfully resected by careful microsurgical technique.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baleriaux DL: Spinal cord tumors. Eur Radiol 9: 1252-1258, 1999
Aubin ML, Jardin C, Bar D, Vignaud J: Computerized tomography in 32 cases of intraspinal tumor. J Neuroradiol 6: 81-92, 1979
Brotchi J, Dewitte O, Levivier M, Balériaux D, Vandesteene A, Raftopoulos C, Flament-Durand J, Noterman J: A survey of 65 tumors within the spinal cord: surgical results and the importance of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 29: 651-657, 1991
Rothwell CI, Jaspan T, Worthington BS, Holland IM: Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of spinal tumours. Br J Radiol 62: 1067-1074, 1989
Scotti G, Scialfa G, Colombo N, Landoni L: Magnetic resonance diagnosis of intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord. Neuroradiology 29: 130-135, 1987
Goy A, Pinto R, Raghavendra BN, Epstein F, Kricheff I: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors: MR imaging, with emphasis on associated cysts. Radiology 161: 381-386, 1986
Fu Y, Chen ATL, Kay S, Young HF: Is subpendymoma an astrocytoma or ependymoma? A comparative ultrastructural and tissue culture study. Cancer 34: 1992-2008, 1974
Moss TH: Observations on the nature of subependymomas on electron microscopic study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 10: 63-75, 1984
Guha A, Resch L, Tator CH: Subependymoma of the thoracolumbar cord. Case report. J Neurosurg 71: 781-787, 1989
Quinn B: Synaptophysin staining for ganglioglioma. Am J Neuroradiol 20: 526-529, 1999
Thakkar SD, Feigen U, Mautner VF: Spinal tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1: an MRI study of frequency. Neuroradiology 41: 625-629, 1999
Baker KB, Moran CJ, Wippold FJ 2nd, Smirniotopoulos JG, Rodriguez FJ, Meyers SP, Siegal TL: MR imaging of spinal hemangioblastoma. Am J Roentgenol 174: 377-382, 2000
Prayson RA: Clinicopathologic study of 61 patients with ependymoma including MIB-1 immunohistochemistry. Ann Diagn Pathol 3: 11-18, 1999
Brown DF, Gazdar AF, White CL 3rd, Yashima K, Shay JW, Rushing EJ: Human telomerase RNA expression and MIB-1 (Ki-67) proliferation index distinguish hemangioblastomas from metastatic renal cell carcinomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 1349-1355, 1997
Iwata K, Nakagawa H, Hashizume Y: Significance of MIB-1, PCNA indices, and p53 protein over-expression in intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord. Noshuyo Byori 13: 73-78, 1996
Patel RJ, Appukuttan B, Ott S, Wang X, Stout JT: DNA-based diagnosis of the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 129: 258-260, 2000
Dal Cin P, Van den Berghe H, Buonamici L, Losi L, Roncaroli F, Calbucci F: Cytogenetic investigation in subependymoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet: 108: 84, 1999
Fuller GN, Goodman JC: Contemporary Neuropathology. Lippincott, Williams & Willins, Philadelphia, 2001 (in press)
Slooff J, Kernohan J, MacCarty C: Primary Intramedullary Tumors of the Spinal Cord and Filum Terminale. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1964
Guidetti B, Mercuri S, Vagnozzi R: Long-term results of the surgical treatment of 129 intramedullary spinal gliomas. J Neurosurg 54: 323-330, 1981
Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Volumes 19 and 20. Tumors of the Spine and Spinal Cord Part I and II. American Elsevier Publ Co., Inc., New York, 1976
Hirano A: Neuropathology of tumors of the spinal cord: the Montefiore experience. Brain Tumor Pathol 14: 1-4, 1997
Hughes J: Pathology of the Spinal Cord. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1978, pp 218-241
Constantini S, Houten J, Miller DC, Freed D, Ozek MM, Rorke LB, Allen JC, Epstein FJ: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children under the age of 3 years. J Neurosurg 85: 1036-1043, 1996
Samii M, Klekamp J: Surgical results of 100 intramedullary tumors in relation to accompanying syringomyelia. Neurosurgery 35: 865-873, 1994
Pullicino P, Kendall B: Computed tomography of "cystic" intramedullary lesions. Neuroradiology 23: 117-121, 1982
Zavala LM, Adler JR, Greene CS, Winston KR: Hydrocephalus and intraspinal tumor. Neurosurgery 22: 751-754, 1988
Mock A, Levi A, Drake JM: Spinal hemangioblastoma, syrinx, and hydrocephalus in a two-year-old child. Neurosurgery 27: 799-802, 1990
Costigan DA, Winkelman MD: Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. A clinicopathogical study of 13 cases. J Neurosurg 62: 227-233, 1985
Mottl H, Koutecky J: Treatment of spinal cord tumors in children. Med Ped Oncol 29: 293-295, 1997
Epstein F, Ragheb J: Intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord. In: Cheek W, Marlin A, McLone D, Reigel D, Walker M (eds) Pediatric Neurosurgery, 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1994, pp 446-457
Goh K, Velasquez L, Epstein F: Pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors: is surgery alone enough? Pediatr Neurosurg 27: 34-39, 1997
Cooper P: Outcome after operative treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adults: intermediate and long-term results in 51 patients. Neurosurgery 25: 855-859, 1989
Yasargil MG, Antic J, Laciga R, de Preux J, Fideler RW, Boone SC: The microsurgical removal of intramedullary spinal hemangioblastomas: report of twelve cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol 6: 141-148, 1976
Avila N, Shawker T, Choyke P, Oldfield E: Cerebellar and spinal hemangioblastomas: evaluation with intraoperative gray-scale and color doppler flow ultrasound. Radiology 188: 143-147, 1993
Prestor B, Golob P: Intra-operative spinal cord neuromonitoring in patients operated on for intramedullary tumors and syringomyelia. Neurol Res 21: 125-129, 1999
Menezes A, Sonntag V: Principles of Spinal Surgery, Volume 2. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996
Herrmann HD, Neuss M, Winkler D: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors resected with CO2 laser microsurgical technique: recent experience in fifteen patients. Neurosurgery 22: 518-522, 1988
Salcman M, Mayer R: Intramedullary subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord: case report. Neurosurgery 14: 608-611, 1984
Murota T, Symon L: Surgical management of hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord: a report of 18 cases. Neurosurgery 25: 699-708, 1989
Neumann HPH, Eggert HR, Weigel K, Friedburg H, Wiestler OD, Schollmeyer P: Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. A 10-year study with special reference to von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. J Neurosurg 70: 24-30, 1989
Xu Q, Bao W, Mao R, Yang G: Magnetic resonance imaging and microsurgical treatment of intramedullary hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery 35: 671-676, 1994
Kane PJ, el-Mahdy W, Singh A, Powell MP, Crockard HA: Spinal intradural tumours: Part II-Intramedullary. Br J Neurosurg 13: 558-563, 1999
Zevgaridis D, Medele RJ, Hamburger C, Steiger HJ, Reulen HJ: Cavernous haemangiomas of the spinal cord. A review of 117 cases. Acta Neurochir 141: 237-245, 1999
Ujiie H, Kubo O, Shimizu T, Kawamura H, Kagawa, Kagawa M: Intramedullary hemangiopericytoma of the spinal cord: case report and review of the literature. No Shinkei Geka 18: 273-277, 1990
Boughey AM, Fletcher NA, Harding AE: Central nervous system hemangioblastoma: a clinical and genetic study of 52 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 644-648, 1990
Spetzger U, Bertalanffy H, Huffmann B, Mayfrank L, Reul J, Gilsbach JM: Hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord and the brainstem: diagnostic and therapeutic features. Neurosurg Rev 19: 147-151, 1996
Kachhara R, Nair S, Radhakrishnan VV: Sellar-sphenoid sinus hemangioblastoma: case report. Surg Neurol 50: 461-464, 1998
Christante L, Herrmann HD: Surgical management of intramedullary hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Acta Neurochir 141: 333-340, 1999
Corr P, Dicker T, Wright M: Exophytic intramedullary hemangioblastoma presenting as an extramedullary mass on myelography. Am J Neuroradiol 16: 883-884, 1995
Minami M, Hanakita J, Suwa H, Suzui H, Fujita K, Nakamura T: Cervical hemangioblastoma with a past history of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol 49: 278-281, 1998
Cerejo A, Vaz R, Feyo PB, Cruz C: Spinal cord hemangioblastoma with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 27: 991-993, 1990
Kormos RL, Tucker WS, Bilbao JM, Gladstone RM, Bass AG: Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a spinal cord hemangioblastoma: case report. Neurosurgery 6: 657-660, 1980
Djindjian M, Djindjian R, Houdart R, Hurth M: Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to intraspinal tumors. Surg Neurol 9: 223-229, 1978
Yu JS, Short MP, Schumacher J, Chapman PH, Harsh GR IV: Intramedullary hemorrhage in spinal cord hemangioblastoma. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 81: 937-940, 1994
Mascalchi M, Padovani R, Taiuti R, Quilici N: Syringomyelia in myotonic dystrophy due to spinal hemangioblastoma. Surg Neurol 50: 446-448, 1998
Wilkins R: A problem of cervical pain. Neurosurgery 36: 158-165, 1995
Solomon R, Stein B: Unusual spinal cord enlargement related to intramedullary hemangioblastoma. J Neurosurg 68: 550-553, 1988
Shi HB, Suh DC, Lee HK, Lim SM, Kim DH, Choi CG, Lee CS, Rhim SC: Preoperative transarterial embolization of spinal tumor: embolization techniques and results. Am J Neuroradiol 20: 2009-2015, 1999
Kaye A, Laws E Jr: Brain Tumors: An Encyclopedic Approach. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1997
Choi IS, Tantivatana J: Neuroendovascular management of intracranial and spinal tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am 11: 167-185, 2000
Vazquez-Anon V, Botella C, Beltran A, Solera M, Piquer J: Preoperative embolization of solid cervicomedullary junction hemangioblastomas: report of two cases. Neuroradiology 39: 86-89, 1997
Bergman T, Haines S: Subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord: a case report of long-term survival. Minn Med 74: 21-24, 1991
Lee KS, Angelo JN, McWhorter JM, Davis CH Jr: Symptomatic subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 67: 128-131, 1987
Casey A, Marsh H, Wilkins P: Subependymoma of the thoracic cord: potential pitfalls in diagnosis. Br J Neurosurg 7: 319-322, 1993
Bret P, Bougeard R, Saint-Pierre G, Guyotat J, Ricci AC, Confavreux, C: Intramedullary subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord. Review of the literature à propos of a case. Neurochirurgie 43: 158-163, 1997
Bardella L, Artico M, Nucci F: Intramedullary subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord. Surg Neurol 29: 326-329, 1988
Jallo GI, Zagzag D, Epstein F: Intramedullary subependymoma of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery 38: 251-257, 1996
Matsumura A, Nose T, Hori A: Intramedullary subependymoma of the spinal cord. Neurosurgery 39: 879, 1996
Pagni CA, Canavero S, Giordana MT, Mascalchi M, Arnetoli G: Spinal intramedullary subependymomas: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 30: 115-117, 1992
Tacconi L, Johnston FG, Thomas D: Subependymoma of the cervical cord: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 98: 24-26, 1996
Vaquero J, Martinez R, Vegazo I, Pontón P: Subependymoma of the cervical spinal cord. Neurosurgery 24: 625-627, 1989
Hoeffel C, Boukobza M, Polivka M, Lot G, Guichard JP, Lafitte F, Reizine D, Merland JJ: MR manifestations of subependymomas. Am J Neuroradiol: 16: 2121-2129, 1995
Prayson RA, Suh JH: Subependymomas: clinicopathologic study of 14 tumors, including comparative MIB-1 immunohistochemical analysis with other ependymal neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 123: 306-309, 1999
Cervos-Navarro JA, Perez-Cano A: Clinical and immunohistological findings in subependymomas of the spinal cord. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 70: 376-379, 1986
Pluchino F, Lodrini S, Lasio G, Allegranza A: Complete removal of holocord subependymoma. Case report. Acta Neurochir 73: 243-250, 1984
Matsumura A, Hori A, Spoerri O: Spinal subependymoma presenting as an extramedullary tumor: case report. Neurosurgery 23: 115-117, 1988
Raina V, Kamble R, Tanwar R, Singh SP, Sharma S: Spinal ganglioneuroblastoma-complete response to chemotherapy alone. Postgrad Med J 69: 746-748, 1993
Ng THK, Fung CF, Goh W, Wong VCN: Ganglioneuroma of the spinal cord. Surg Neurol 35: 147-151, 1991
Furie D, Felsberg G, Tien R, Friedman HS, Fuchs H, McLendon R: MRI of gangliocytoma of cerebellum and spinal cord. Case report. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17: 488-491, 199
Kalyanaraman U, Henderson J: Intramedullary ganglioneuroma of spinal cord: a clinicopathologic study. Human Pathol 13: 952-955, 1982
Cheung YK, Fung CF, Chan FL, Leong L: MRI features of spinal ganglioglioma. Clin Imaging 15: 109-112, 1991
Sawin PD, Theodore N, Rekate HL: Spinal cord ganglioglioma in a child with neurofibromatosis Type 2. Case report & literature review. J Neurosurg: Spine 90: 231-233, 1999
Yamamoto T, Komori T, Shibata N, Toyoda C, Kobayashi M: Multifocal neurocytoma/gangliocytoma with extensive leptomeningeal dissemination in the brain and spinal cord. Am J Surg Pathol 20: 363-370, 1996
Wald U, Levy PJ, Rappaport ZH, Michowitz SD, Schuger L, Shalit MN: Conus ganglioglioma in a 2\(\frac{1}{2}\)-year-old boy. Case report. J Neurosurg 62: 142-144, 1985
Silver JM, Rawlings CE III, Rossitch E Jr, Zeidman SM, Friedman AH: Ganglioglioma: a clinical study with long-term follow-up. Surg Neurol 35: 261-266, 1991
Johannsson JH, Rekate HL, Roessmann U: Gangliogliomas: pathological and clinical correlation. J Neurosurg 54: 58-63, 1981
Mickle JP: Ganglioglioma in children. A review of 32 cases at the University of Florida. Pediatr Neurosurg 18: 310-314, 1992
Kernohan J, Learmonth J, Doyle J: Neuroblastomas and gangliocytomas of the central nervous system. Brain 55: 287-311, 1932
Hamberger C, Büttner A, Weis S: Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord: report of two rare cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 41: 1410-1416, 1997
Nakajima M, Kidooka M, Nakasu S: Anaplastic ganglioglioma with dissemination to the spinal cord: a case report. Surg Neurol 49: 445-448, 1998
Albright L, Byrd R: Ganglioglioma of the entire spinal cord. Child's Brain 6: 274-280, 1980
Lang F, Epstein F, Ransohoff J, Allen J, Wisoff J, Abbott IR, Miller D: Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 2: clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 79: 867-873, 1993
Constantini S, Miller D: Diagnosis of ganglioglioma. J Neurosurg 88: 935-937, 1998
Miller D, Lang F, Epstein F: Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 1: pathology. J Neurosurg 79: 859-866, 1993
Peretti-Viton P, Perez-Castillo AM, Raybaud C, Grisoli F, Bernard F, Poncet M, Salamon G: Magnetic resonance imaging in gangliogliomas and gangliocytomas of the nervous system. J Neuroradiol 18: 189-199, 1991
Castillo M: Gangliogliomas: ubiquitous or not? Am J Neuroradiol 19: 807-809, 1998
Patel U, Pinto R, Miller D, Handler M, Rorke L, Epstein F, Kricheff I: MR of spinal cord ganglioglioma. Am J Neuroradiol 19: 879-887, 1998
Norenberg M: Gangliogliomas: issues of prognosis and treatment. Am J Neuroradiol 19: 810, 1998
Sfakianakis G: Preoperative grading of gangliogliomas using FDG PET and TI-201 SPECT: comments from a nuclear medicine view. Am J Neuroradiol 19: 811, 1998
Schiff D, O'Neill BP: Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: clinical features and treatment outcome. Neurology 47: 906-912, 1996
Kurtz JE, Andres E, Filippi de la Palavesa MM, Deplanque G, Limacher JM, Duclos B, Bergerat JP: L'intérêt de l'IRM dans la détection des métastases intramédullaires: à propos d'une observation. Bull Cancer 81: 808-810, 1994
Jardin F, Stamatoullas A, Fruchart C, D'Anjou J, Clement JF, Tilly H: Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis and leptomeningeal involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Case report and review of the literature. Rev Med Interne 20: 267-271, 1999
Zumpano BJ: Spinal intramedullary metastatic medulloblastoma: case report. J Neurosurg 48: 632-635, 1978
Perkkiö M, Majuri S, Hänninen A, Paljärvi L: A child with esthesioneuroblastoma with metastases to the spinal cord and the bone marrow. Med Ped Oncology 19: 66-69, 1991
Connolly ES Jr, Winfree CJ, McCormick PC, Cruz M, Stein BM: Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 46: 329-338, 1996
Findlay JM, Bernstein M, Vanderlinden RG, Resch L: Microsurgical resection of solitary intramedullary spinal cord metastases. Neurosurgery 21: 911-915, 1987
Markus J: Magnetic resonance imaging of intramedullary spinal cord metastases. Clin Imaging 20: 238-242, 1996
Schwechheimer K, Lemminger JM: Intramedullary metastases: report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Clin Neuropathol 4: 28-37, 1985
Grem JL, Burgess J, Trump DL: Clinical features and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Cancer 56: 2305-2314, 1985
Amin R: Intramedullary spinal metastasis from carcinoma of the cervix. A case report. Br J Radiol 72: 89-91, 1999
Arrotegui JI, Barrios C: Spinal cord and bone metastasizing renal tumor of childhood. Rev Neurol 24: 1231-1232, 1995
Moffie D, Stefanko SZ: Intramedullary metastasis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 82(3): 199-202, 1980
Ferroir J, Cadranel J, Khalil A, Lebreton C, Contant C, Milleron B: Intramedullary metastases of bronchogenic carcinoma. Two cases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 154: 166-169, 1998
Winkelman MD, Adelstein DJ, Karlins NL: Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Neurol 44: 526-531, 1987
Crasto S, Duca S, Davini O, Rizzi L, Pavanello IG, Avataneo T, Cirillo S, Regge D, Soffietti R: MRI diagnosis of intramedullary metastases from extra-CNS tumors. Eur Radiol 7: 732-736, 1997
Weitzner S: Coexistent intramedullary metastasis and syringomyelia of cervical spinal cord: report of a case. Neurology 19: 674-678, 1969
Keung YK, Cobos E, Whitehead RP, Roberson GH: Secondary syringomyelia due to intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol 20: 577-579, 1997
Kepes J, Belton K, Roessmann U, Ketcherside: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the cauda equina in adults with no detectable primary intracranial neoplasm-three case studies. Clin Neuropathol 4: 1-11, 1985
Kosnik E, Boesel C, Bay J, Sayers M: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system in children. J Neurosurg 48: 741-746, 1978
Rodriguez-Ku RJ, Trejo-Castillo W, Rodriguez-Moguel L: Spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Gaceta Medica De Mexico 135: 183-188, 1999
Becker L, Hinton D: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Human Pathol 14: 538-550, 1983
Jaksche H, Wöckel W, Wernert N: Primary spinal medulloblastomas? Neurosurg Rev 11: 259-265, 1988
Sevick RJ, Johns RD, Curry BJ: Primary spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumor with extraneural metastases. Am J Neuroradiol 8: 1151-1152, 1987
Kwon OK, Wang K-C, Kim CJ, Kim IO, Chi J, Cho B-K: Primary intramedullary spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor with intracranial seeding in an infant. Childs Nerv Syst 12: 633-636, 1996
Smith D, Hardman J, Earle K: Metastasizing neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. J Neurosurg 31: 50-58, 1969
Deme S, Ang L-C, Skaf G, Rowed D: Primary intramedullary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the spinal cord: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 41: 1417-1420, 1997
Freyer D, Hutchinson R, McKeever P: Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the spinal cord associated with neural tube defect. Pediatr Neurosci 15: 181-187, 1989
Ogasawara H, Kiya K, Kurisu K, Muttaqin Z, Uozumi T, Sugiyama K, Kawamoto Y, Iida K: Intracranial metastasis from a spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor: case report. Surg Neurol 37: 307-312, 1992
Meltzer C, Townsend D, Kottapally S, Jadali F: FDG imaging of spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor. J Nucl Med 39: 1207-1209, 1998
Schochet SS, Violett TW, Nelson J, Pelofsky S, Barnes PA: Polar spongioblastoma of the cervical spinal cord: case report. Clin Neuropathol 3: 225-227, 1984
Herpers MJHM, Freling G, Beuls EAM: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in the spinal cord: case report. J Neurosurg 80: 564-569, 1994
Alvisi C, Cerisoli M, Giulioni M: Intramedullary spinal gliomas: long-term results of surgical treatments. Acta Neurochir 70: 169-179, 1984
Carstens PHB, Johnson GS, Jelsma L: Spinal gliosarcoma: a light, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Annals Clin Lab Sci 25: 241-246, 1995
Pagni CA, Canavero S, Gaidolfi E: Intramedullary "holocord" oligodendroglioma: case report. Acta Neurochir 113: 96-99, 1991
Gilmer-Hill HS, Ellis WG, Imbesi SG, Boggan JE: Spinal oligodendroglioma with gliomatosis in a child. Case report. J Neurosurg 92: 109-113, 2000
Merchant TE, Nguyen D, Thompson SJ, Reardon DA, Kun LE, Sanford R: High-grade pediatric spinal cord tumors. Pediatr Neurosurg 30: 1-5, 1999
Fortuna A, Celli P, Palma L: Oligodendrogliomas of the spinal cord. Acta Neurochir 52: 305-329, 1980
Ushida T, Sonobe H, Mizobuchi H, Toda M, Tani T, Yamamoto H: Oligodendroglioma of the "widespread" type in the spinal cord. Childs Nerv Syst 14: 751-755, 1998
O'Brien CP, Lehrer HZ, Harkin JC: Extensive oligodendrogliomas of the spinal cord with associated bone changes. Neurology 18: 887-890, 1968
Sharma V, Newton G: Cervical intramedullary neurofibroma. J Korean Med Sci 5:165-167, 1990
Acciarri N, Padovani R, Riccioni L: Intramedullary melanotic schwannoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 13: 322-325, 1999
Melancia JL, Pimentel JC, Conceição I, Antunes JL: Intramedullary neuroma of the cervical spinal cord: case report. Neurosurgery 39: 594-598, 1996
Innocenzi G, Cervoni L, Caruso R: Intramedullary cervical neurinoma. A case report and review of the literature. Minerva Chirurgica 52: 679-682, 1997
Lee D, Chung C, Kim H: Thoracic intramedullary schwannoma. A case report. J Spinal Disorders 12: 174-176, 1999
Beskonakh E, Cayh S, Turgut M, Bostanci U, Seckin S, Yalcinlar Y: Intraparenchymal schwannomas of the central nervous system: an additional case report and review. Neurosurg Rev 20: 139-144, 1997
Ross DA, Edwards MSB, Wilson CB: Intramedullary neurilemomas of the spinal cord: report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 19: 458-464, 1986
Jacquet G, Czorny A, Godard J, Steimle R, Wendling D: Neurinome intramédullaire. À propos d'un cas. Revue de la litteraturé. Neurochirurgie 38: 315-321, 1992
Solomon RA, Handler MS, Sedelli RV, Stein BM: Intramedullary melanotic schwannoma of the cervicomedullary junction. Neurosurgery 20: 36-38, 1987
Marchese MJ, McDonald JV: Intramedullary melanotic schwannoma of the cervical spinal cord: report of a case. Surg Neurol 33: 353-355, 1990
Horowitz MB, Hall WA: Central nervous system germinomas. Arch Neurol 48: 652-657, 1991
Itoh Y, Mineura K, Sasajima H, Kowada M: Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 38: 187-191, 1996
Matsuoka S, Itoh M, Shinonome T, Tanimura A: Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma: case report. Surg Neurol 35: 122-126, 1991
Matsuyama Y, Nagasaka T, Mimatsu K, Inoue K, Mii K, Iwata H: Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma. Spine 20: 2338-2340, 1995
Hisa S, Morinaga S, Kobayashi Y, Ojima M, Chikaoka H, Sasano N: Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma producing HCG and precocious puberty in a boy. Cancer 55: 2845-2849, 1985
Slagel D, Goeken J, Platz C, Moore S: Primary germinoma of the spinal cord: a case report with 28-year follow-up and review of the literature. Acta Neuropathol 90: 657-659, 1995
Miyauchi A, Matsumoto K, Kohmura E, Doi T, Hashimoto K, Kawano K: Primary intramedullary spinal cord germinoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 84: 1060-1061, 1996
Shibamoto Y, Asato R, Abe M: Spinal metastasis from occult intracranial germinoma mimicking primary intramedullary tumour. Neuroradiology 36: 137-138, 1994
de Monleon JV, Simonin G, Pincemaille O, Buttin C, Sarles J: Puberte précoce secondaire à un germinome intramédullaire. Arch Pediatr 6: 46-49, 1999
Hamabuchi M, Hasegawa R, Murase T: Teratoma of the spinal cord. A case report with CT scans. J Bone Joint Surg 71B: 390-392, 1989
Al-Sarraj ST, Parmar D, Dean AF, Phookun G, Bridges LR: Clinicopathological study of seven cases of spinal cord teratoma: a possible germ cell origin. Histopathology 32: 51-56, 1998
Poeze M, Herpers MJ, Tjandra B, Freling G, Beuls EA: Intramedullary spinal teratoma presenting with urinary retention: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 45: 379-385, 1999
Hader WJ, Steinbok P, Poskitt K, Hendson G: Intramedullary spinal teratoma and diastematomyelia. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg 30: 140-145, 1999
Nicoletti GF, Passanisi M, Platania N, Lanzafame S, Albanese V: Intramedullary spinal cystic teratoma of the conus medullaris with caudal exophytic development: case report. Surg Neurol 41: 106-111, 1994
Lunardi P, Missori P, Gagliardi F, Fortuna A: Long-term results of the surgical treatment of spinal dermoid and epidermoid tumors. Neurosurgery 25: 860-864, 1989
Gallina P, Roux FX, Lo Re F, Conti P, Fallet-Bianco C, Conti R, De Luca G: Un cas rare de kyste épidermoïde intramédullaire observe a l'IRM. Neurochirurgie 38: 372-375, 1992
Benzil DL, Epstein MH, Knuckey NW: Intramedullary epidermoid associated with an intramedullary spinal abscess secondary to a dermal sinus. Neurosurgery 30: 118-121, 1992
Roux A, Mercier C, Larbrisseau A, Dube LJ, Dupuis C, Carpio RD: Intramedullary epidermoid cysts of the spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg 76: 528-533, 1992
Lee M, Rezai AR, Abbott R, Coelho DH, Epstein FJ: Intramedullary spinal cord lipomas. J Neurosurg 82: 394-400, 1995
Razack N, Jimenez OF, Aldana P, Ragheb J: Intramedullary holocord lipoma in an athlete: case report. Neurosurgery 42: 394-397, 1998
Ehni G, Love J: Intraspinal lipomas. Report of cases: review of the literature and the clinical and pathologic study. Arch Neurol Psychiat 53: 1-28, 1945
Dyck P: Intramedullary lipoma: diagnosis and treatment. Spine 17: 979-981, 1992
Klisch J, Spreer J, Bloss HG, Baborie A, Hubbe U: Radiological and histological findings in spinal intramedullary angiolipoma. Neuroradiology 41: 584-587, 1999
Bluemke D, Wang H: Primary spinal cord lymphoma: MR appearance. Case report. J Comp Assist Tomogr 14: 812-814, 1990
Slowik F, Mayer Á, Áfra D, Deák G, Hável J: Primary spinal intramedullary malignant lymphoma. A case report. Surg Neurol 33: 132-138, 1990
Mitsumoto H, Breuer A, Lederman RJ: Malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system: a case of primary spinal intramedullary involvement. Cancer 46: 1258-1262, 1980
Drouet A, Caminade V, Guilloton L, Brunot J, Crozes P, Ribot C: Primary intramedullary spinal cord lymphoma in HIV patients. MRI aspects. Rev Neurol (Paris) 155: 1074-1078, 1999
Salpietro FM, Alafaci C, Gervasio O, La Rosa G, Baio A, Francolini DC, Batolo D, Tomasello F: Primary cervical melanoma with brain metastases. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 89: 659-666, 1998
Bergdahl L, Boquist L, Liliequist B, Thulin C-A, Tovi D: Primary malignant melanoma of the central nervous system: a report of 10 cases. Acta Neurochir 26: 139-149, 1972
Larson T, Houser OW, Onofrio B, Piepgras D: Primary spinal melanoma. J Neurosurg 66: 47-49, 1987
Magni C, Yapo P, Mocaer J, Renjard L, Sonier CB, Cottier JP, Jan M, Laffont J: Mélanome intra-médullaire primitif: à propos d'un cas. J Neuroradiol 23: 41-45, 1996
Yamasaki T, Kikuchi H, Yamashita J, Asato R, Fujita M: Primary spinal intramedullary malignant melanoma: case report. Neurosurgery 25: 117-121, 1989
Vaquero J, de Prado F, Pedrosa M: Primary intraparenchymatous spinal cord melanoma. Spinal Cord 36: 363-365, 1998
Glick R, Baker C, Husain S, Hays A, Hibshoosh H: Primary melanocytomas of the spinal cord: a report of seven cases. Clin Neuropathol 16: 127-132, 1997
Salame K, Merimsky O, Yosipov J, Reider-Groswasser I, Chaitchik S, Ouaknine GE: Primary intramedullary spinal melanoma: diagnostic and treatment problems. J Neuro-Oncol 36: 79-83, 1998
Kanahara T, Hirokawa M, Shimizu M, Terayama K, Nakamura E, Hino Y, Mikawa Y, Manabe T: Solitary fibrous tumor of the spinal cord. Report of a case with scrape cytology. Acta Cytol 43: 425-428, 1999
Riley K, Palmer CA, Oser AB, Paramore CG: Spinal cord hamartoma: case report. Neurosurgery 44: 1125-1127, 1999
Mittler MA, Walters BC, Fried AH, Sotomayor EA, Stopa EG: Malignant glial tumor arising from the site of a previous hamartoma/ganglioglioma: coincidence or malignant transformation? Pediatr Neurosurg 30: 132-134, 1999
Jones M, Rueda-Pedraza ME: Extranodal sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy presenting as an intramedullary spinal cord tumor: a case report. Am J Hematol 54: 253-257, 1997
Osenbach RK: Isolated extranodal sinus histiocytosis presenting as an intramedullary spinal cord tumor with paraplegia. J Neurosurg 85: 692-696, 1996
Kook H, Hwang T, Kang H, Kim S, Kim J: Spinal intramedullary granulocytic sarcoma: magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 11: 135-137, 1993
Levivier M, Brotchi J, Balériaux D, Pirotte B, Flament-Durand J: Sarcoidosis presenting as an isolated intramedullary tumor. Neurosurgery 29: 271-276, 1991
Bernstein M, Berger M (eds): Neuro-oncology: The Essentials. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., New York, 2000, pp 445-464
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Miller, D.J., McCutcheon, I.E. Hemangioblastomas and Other Uncommon Intramedullary Tumors. J Neurooncol 47, 253–270 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006403500801
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006403500801