Abstract
Oil and gas (O&G) industry is expanding its activities into Arctic offshore, where is characterised with severe operating conditions and less-developed infrastructure. Such conditions affect the reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) of offshore O&G plants, operations, and activities through different scenarios. Plant RAM analysis provides key information for decision-making on, for instance, life-cycle cost management, inventory management, future investments, establishing maintenance policies, and safety-barrier management. Such decisions are of crucial value in Arctic offshore applications due to higher initial and operation costs. Therefore, a thorough evaluation and quantification of the effects of operating conditions on plant RAM performance play a significant role in such decision-making processes. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to broadly review and discuss different elements of Arctic offshore operating conditions specific to the Barents Sea, and further investigate various effects of such conditions on plant RAM. The present study provides fundamental information to academic and industrial sectors involved in the research and development of Arctic offshore O&G facilities and operations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Årthun M, Bellerby RGJ, Omar AM, Schrum C (2012) Spatiotemporal variability of air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Barents Sea, as determined from empirical relationships and modeled hydrography. J Mar Syst 98–99:40–50
Artiba A, Riane F, Ghodrati B, Kumar U (2005) Reliability and operating environment-based spare parts estimation approach: a case study in Kiruna Mine, Sweden. J Qual Maint Eng 11(2):169–184
Azar JJ, Samuel GR (2007) Drilling engineering. PennWell Books, Tulsa
Baller H (1983) Rig winterization to allow year-round drilling off northern Norway. Oil Gas 81(31):71–75
Baller H, Friedberg R (1984) Statoil develops next-generation arctic rigs. Oil Gas 82(51):82–84
Barabadi A, Markeset T (2011) Reliability and maintainability performance under Arctic conditions. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 2(3):205–217
Barabadi A, Barabady J, Markeset T (2011) A methodology for throughput capacity analysis of a production facility considering environment condition. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 96(12):1637–1646
Barabadi A, Gudmestad OT, Barabady J (2015) RAMS data collection under Arctic conditions. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 135:92–99
Barabady J, Kumar U (2008) Reliability analysis of mining equipment: a case study of a crushing plant at Jajarm Bauxite Mine in Iran. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 93(4):647–653
Barabady J, Markeset T, Kumar U (2010) Review and discussion of production assurance program. Int J Qual Reliab Manag 27(6):702–720
Barrette P (2011) Offshore pipeline protection against seabed gouging by ice: an overview. Cold Reg Sci Technol 69(1):3–20
Bluestein M, Quayle R (2003) Wind chill. In: Holton JR, Curry JA, Pyle JA (eds) Encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, Oxford, pp 2597–2602
Bryazgin NN, Dementyev AA (1996) Meteorological hazards in the Russian Arctic. Hydrometeorological Publishing House, St. Petersburg
Bulakh M, Zolotukhin AB, Gudmestad OT (2011) Potential for oil and gas projects in the new oil and gas province shared between Russia and Norway. In: SPE Arctic and extreme environments conference and exhibition, 18–20 October, Moscow, Russia. doi:10.2118/149654-MS
Caenn R, Darley HCH, Gray GR (2011a) Chapter 5—The rheology of drilling fluids. In: Caenn R, Darley HCH, Gray GR (eds) Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids, 6th edn. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 179–269
Caenn R, Darley HCH, Gray GR (2011b) Chapter 10—Completion, reservoir drilling, workover, and packer fluids. In: Caenn R, Darley HCH, Gray GR (eds) Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids, 6h edn. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 477–533
Caenn R, Darley HCH, Gray GR (2011c) Chapter 11—Drilling fluid components. In: Caenn R, Darley HCH, Gray GR (eds) Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids, 6th edn. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 535–616
Calixto E (2013) Gas and oil reliability engineering. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston
Carstens T (1983) Special hazards in open waters at high latitudes. Cold Reg Sci Technol 7:293–295
Carstens T (1985) Polar lows—a threat to offshore operations in Northern waters. In: Proceedings of the 8th International conference on port and ocean engineering under Arctic conditions (POAC85), Narssarssuaq, Greenland, 7–14 September, vol 3, pp 1149–1168 (ISBN:7-981950-1-8)
CCPS (2016) Process equipment reliability database (PERD). American Institute of Chemical Engineers—Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York
Center NSW (2011) Handbook of reliability prediction procedures for mechanical equipmet. Naval Surface Warfare Center—Carderoc Devision, West Bethesda
Crory FE (1991) CRREL report 19-21: construction guidelines for oil and gas exploration in northern Alaska. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab (CRREL), Hanover
Crowley JD (1988) Cold water effects upon marine operations. In: Proceedings OCEANS’ 88—a partnership of marine interests, 31 October–2 November, Baltimore. IEEE, pp 543–548
Deepwater Horizon Study Group (2011) Final report on the investigation of the Macondo Well Blowout. Center for Catastrophic Risk Management (CCRM), University of California, Berkeley
Department of Defense (1981) Military standard MIL-STD-721C—definitions of terms for reliability and maintainability. Department of Defense, Washington, DC
Department of Defense (1991) Military handbook MIL-HDBK-217F—reliability predition of electronic equipment. Department of Defense, Washington, DC
Doré AG (1995) Barents Sea geology, petroleum resources and commercial potential. Arctic 48(3):207–221
Dutta PK (1988) Behaviour of materials at cold regions temperatures—Part 1: Program rationale and test plan. US Army Engineer Research and Development Centre, New Hampshire
Duval BC (1975) Exploratory drilling on the Canadian Continental Shelf, Labrador Sea. In: Offshore technology conference, 5–8 May, Huston. doi:10.4043/2155-MS. (ISBN:978-1-55563-617-3)
Ebeling CE (2005) An introduction to reliability and maintainability engineering. Waveland Press, Long Grove
Eger KM, Grimstad H, Solberg KE, Barlindhaug J, Pedersen T, Karlstrøm R (2012) Infrastruktur og logistikk ved petroleumsvirksomhet i Barentshavet sørøst. Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, Oslo
Eik K (2011) Sea-ice management and its impact on the design of offshore structures. Cold Reg Sci Technol 65(2):172–183
Eik K, Gudmestad OT (2010) Iceberg management and impact on design of offshore structures. Cold Reg Sci Technol 63(1–2):15–28
El-Reedy MA (2012) Chapter 2—Offshore structure loads and strength. In: El-Reedy MA (ed) Offshore structures. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 23–91
Fingas M (2011) Chapter 13—Weather effects on oil spill countermeasures. In: Fingas M (ed) Oil spill science and technology. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 339–426
Freitag DR, McFadden TT (1997) Introduction to cold regions engineering. ASCE Press, New York
Frêne J, Nicolas D, Degueurce B, Berthe D, Maurice G (1997) Tribology series volume 33, hydrodynamic lubrication—bearings and thrust bearings, vol 33. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 27–46
Funk C (2012) Freezing spray & ice accretion on vessels: a comprehensive study. In: National conference on undergraduate research (NCUR), 29–31 March, Ugden, USA, pp 1506–1513. http://www.ncurproceedings.org/ojs/index.php/NCUR2012
Gao Y, Li K (2012) New models for calculating the viscosity of mixed oil. Fuel 95:431–437
Gao X, Barabady J, Markeset T (2010) An approach for prediction of petroleum production facility performance considering Arctic influence factors. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 95(8):837–846
Gasson JR, Barth T, Genov G (2013) Comparison of the gas hydrate plugging potentials of a set of crude oils from the Norwegian continental shelf using chemometric decomposition of GC–FID data. J Petrol Sci Eng 102:66–72
Gudmestad OT (1999) Characteristics of offshore climate conditions and associated loading on offshore structures. In: Gudmestad OT et al (eds) Basics of offshore petroleum engineering and development of marine facilities with emphasis on the arctic offshore. Moskva Neft’ i Gaz, Stavanger
Gudmestad OT, Karunakaran D (2012) Challenges faced by the marine contractors working in western and southern Barents Sea. In: OTC Arctic technology conference, 3–5 December, Houston, Texas, USA. doi:10.4043/23842-MS
Guest P (2005) Vessel icing. Mariners Weather Log magazine, vol 49. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration. http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/dec_05/ves.shtml. Accessed 16 May 2016
Gultepe I, Tardif R, Michaelides SC, Cermak J, Bott A, Bendix J, Müller MD, Pagowski M, Hansen B, Ellrod G, Jacobs W, Toth G, Cober SG (2007) Fog research: a review of past achievements and future perspectives. In: Gultepe I (ed) Fog and boundary layer clouds: fog visibility and forecasting. Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel, pp 1121–1159
Håbrekke S, Hauge S, Onshus T (2013) Reliability data for safety instrumented systems. SINTEF, Trondheim
Hamilton L (2004) The polar low phenomenon. GEO Quart 1:10–12
Hasle JR, Kjellén U, Haugerud O (2009) Decision on oil and gas exploration in an Arctic area: case study from the Norwegian Barents Sea. Saf Sci 47(6):832–842
Hodgins SLM, Hodgins DO (1991) Environmental criteria for Canadian waters: an assessment of data resources and design requirements. Seaconsult Marine Research Ltd, Vancouver
Holton JR, Curry JA, Pyle JA (2002) Encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, London
Homlong E, Kayrbekova D, Panesar SS, Markeset T (2012) Assessing maintenance time, cost and uncertainty for offshore production facilities in Arctic environment. In: Frick J, Laugen BT (eds) Advances in production management systems—value networks: innovation, technologies, and management. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 222–232
IEC (2004) IEC TR 62380 reliability data handbook—universal model for reliability prediction of electronics components, PCBs and equipment International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Geneva
IEV (2016) IEV 60050-192: international electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV)-part 192: dependability. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva
ISO (1994) ISO 8402:1994—quality management and quality assurance—vocabulary. ISO, Geneva
ISO (2001) ISO 12494: atmospheric icing of structures. ISO, Geneva
ISO (2005) ISO/DIS 19901-1: petroleum and natural gas industries—specific requirements for offshore structures—Part 1: Metocean design and operating considerations. ISO, Geneva
ISO (2008) ISO 20815: petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries—production assurance and reliability management. ISO, Geneva
ISO (2010) ISO 19906: petroleum and natural gas industries—Arctic offshore structures. ISO, Geneva
Jamaluddin AKM, Kalogerakis N, Bishnoi PR (1991) Hydrate plugging problems in undersea natural gas pipelines under shutdown conditions. J Petrol Sci Eng 5(4):323–335
Jones KF, Andreas EL (2009) Sea spray icing of drilling and production platforms. US Army Engineer Research and Development Centre, New Hampshire
Journée J, Massie W (2001) Offshore hydromechanics. TU Delft, Delft
Kayrbekova D, Barabadi A, Markeset T (2011) Maintenance cost evaluation of a system to be used in Arctic conditions: a case study. J Qual Maint Eng 17(4):320–336
Keane B, Schwarz G, Thernherr P (2013) Electrical equipment in cold weather applications. In: The 60th Petroleum and chemical industry technical conference (PCIC), 23–25 September, Chicago. IEEE. doi:10.1109/PCICon.2013.6666016
King GA (2011) Atmospheric corrosion in cold regions. In: Revie RW (ed) Uhlig’s corrosion hanbook. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Klett TR, Gautier DL (2009) USGS Fact Sheet 2009-3037: assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources of the Barents Sea Shelf. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Reston
Kulyakhtin A, Løset S, Kollar L (2012) Small-scale simulation of seawater icing in natural field conditions. In: Li Z, Lu P (eds) Ice Research for a Sustainable Environment-Proceedings of the 21st international symposium on ice. Dalian University of Technology Press, Dalian (ISBN: 978-7-89437-020-4)
Kumai M (1973) Arctic fog droplet size distribution and its effect on light attenuation. J Atmos Sci 30(4):635–643
Kumar R, Barabady J, Markeset T, Kumar U (2012) Improving maintainability in extreme cold climatic conditions. Int J Perform Eng 8(5):563–572
Larsen AC, Markeset T (2007) Mapping of operations, maintenance and support design factors in Arctic environments. In: Aven T, Vinnem JE (eds) Risk, reliability and societal safety. Taylor & Francis, London
Li G, Liu X, Liu Y, Yue Q (2008) Optimum design of ice-resistant offshore jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf in consideration of fatigue life of tubular joints. Ocean Eng 35(5–6):484–493
Liljestrom J (1985) Icing on semisubmersible platforms. In: Agnew TA, Swail VA (eds) Proceeding of international workshop on offshore winds and icing. Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, Ontario, pp 313–328
Loeng H (1991) Features of the physical oceanographic conditions of the Barents Sea. Polar Res 10(1):5–18
Løset S, Carstens T (1993) Production of icebergs and observed extreme drift speeds in the Barents Sea. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conferences on port and ocean engineering under Arctic conditions (POAC’93), 17–20 August, Hamburg, Germany. Hamburg Ship Model Basin, Hamburg, pp 425–438
Løset S, Carstens T (1996) Sea ice and iceberg observations in the western Barents Sea in 1987. Cold Reg Sci Technol 24(4):323–340
Løset S, Shkhinek K, Strass P, Gudmestad OT, Michalenko EB, Kärnä T (1997) Ice Conditions in the Barents and Kara Seas. In: Proceedings of the 16th International conference on offshore mechanics and Arctic engineering, 13–18 April, Yokohama, Japan, vol IV. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, pp 173–181
Løset S, Shkhinek K, Gudmestad OT, Strass P, Michalenko E, Frederking R, Kärnä T (1999) Comparison of the physical environment of some Arctic seas. Cold Reg Sci Technol 29(3):201–214
Lundqvist J-E, Udin I (1977) Ice accretion on ships with special emphasis on Baltic conditions. Swedish Administration of Shipping and Navigation, Finish Board of Navigation, Norrköping
Mäkinen TM, Palinkas LA, Reeves DL, Pääkkönen T, Rintamäki H, Leppäluoto J, Hassi J (2006) Effect of repeated exposures to cold on cognitive performance in humans. Physiol Behav 87(1):166–176
Marchenko A, Kvamstad B, Fjørtoft K, Hoyland K, Brazhnikov D (2011) Characteristics of ice drift in the western Barents Sea reconstructed by the data of ice trackers deployed on drifting ice and icebergs in 2008–2010. In: The international conferences on port and ocean engineering under Arctic conditions (POAC11), 10–14 July, Montréal, pp 484–499
Markeset T, Saeland A, Gudmestad O, Barabady J (2015) Petroleum production facilities in Arctic operational environments. In: Bourmistrov A, Mellemvik F, Bambulyak A (eds) International Arctic petroleum cooperation: Barents Sea scenarios. Routledge, London, pp 184–203
Matishov G, Golubeva N, Titova G, Sydnes A, Voegele B (2004) Global international waters assessment—Barents Sea, GIWA regional assessment 11. University of Kalmar, Kalmar
Misra KB (2008) Handbook of performability engineering. Springer, London
Moe A (2010) Russian and Norwegian petroleum strategies in the Barents Sea. Arct Rev Law Polit 1(2):225–248
Moe A, Rowe L (2008) FNI Report 7/2008: petroleum activity in the Russian Barents Sea. Fridtjof Nansens Institute (FNI), Lysaker
Nascimento FAC, Majumdar A, Ochieng WY, Jarvis SR (2012) A multistage multinational triangulation approach to hazard identification in night-time offshore helicopter operations. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 108:142–153
Naseri M, Barabady J (2015a) Performance of skimmers in the Arctic offshore oil spills. In: Nowakowski T, Młyńczak M, Jodejko-Pietruczuk A, Werbińska-Wojciechowska S (eds) Safety and reliability: methodology and applications. CRC Press, London
Naseri M, Barabady J (2015b) System-reliability analysis by use of gaussian fuzzy fault tree: application in Arctic oil and gas facilities. Oil Gas Facil 4(3):1–11
Naseri M, Baraldi P, Compare M, Zio E (2016) Availability assessment of oil and gas processing plants operating under dynamic arctic weather conditions. J Reliab Eng Syst Saf 152:66–82
Nikiforov S, Dunaev N, Politova N (2005) Modern environmental conditions of the Pechora Sea (climate, currents, waves, ice regime, tides, river runoff, and geological). In: Bauch HA, Pavlidis YA, Polyakova YI, Matishov GG, Koç N (eds) Pechora Sea environments: past, present and future. Berichte zur Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven
NORSOK (2007) NORSOK Standard N-003—actions and action effects. Standards Norway (NORSOK), Lysaker, Norway
Norwegian Meteorological Institutte (2013) Polar low 6th of February 2012. Det Norske Meteorologiske Institutt
NPD (2013) The petroleum resources on the Norwegian continental shelf Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger
Obanijesu EO, Akindeju MK, Vishnu P, Tade MO (2011) Modelling the natural gas pipeline internal corrosion rate resulting from hydrate formation. In: Pistikopoulos EN, Georgiadis MC, Kokossis AC (eds) Computer aided chemical engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1160–1164
OREDA Participants (2009) Offshore reliability data handbook, 5th edn. OREDA Participants, Trondhim
Osczevski R, Bluestein M (2005) The new wind chill equivalent temperature chart. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86(10):1453–1458
Parent O, Ilinca A (2011) Anti-icing and de-icing techniques for wind turbines: critical review. Cold Reg Sci Technol 65(1):88–96
Proshutinsky AY, Proshutinsky T, Weingartner T (1999) INSROP working paper no. 126—environmental conditions affecting commercial shipping on the Northern Sea Routes. International Northern Sea Route Programme, Lysaker
Przybylak R (2016) The climate of the Arctic. Springer, Cham
Rasmussen EA, Turner J (2003) Polar lows—mesoscale weather systems in the polar regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rausand M, Høyland A (2004) System reliability theory: models, statistical methods, and applications. Wiley, Hoboken
Rudin A, Choi P (2013) Chapter 4—Mechanical properties of polymer solids and liquids. In: Rudin A, Choi P (eds) The elements of polymer science & engineering, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Boston, pp 149–229
Ryerson CC (2008) Assessment of superstructure ice protection as applied to offshore oil operations: safety problems, hazards, needs, and potential transfer technologies. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, New Hampshire
Ryerson CC (2011) Ice protection of offshore platforms. Cold Reg Sci Technol 65(1):97–110
Sakshaug E, Johnsen GH, Kovacs KM (2009) Ecosystem Barents Sea. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim
Sasanuma S, Matsubara K (1995) Transition phenomena of lubricating oils and greases in a low temperature range examined by a torsional braid analysis. In: Dowson D, Taylor CM, Childs THC, Dalmaz G (eds) Tribology series, vol 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 31–44
Satter A, Iqbal GM, Buchwalter JL (2008) Practical enhanced reservoir engineering: assisted with simulated software. Pennwell Books, Tulsa
Singh R (2013) Chapter 7—Material properties in low temperature environment. In: Singh R (ed) Arctic pipeline planning. Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston, pp 75–88
Spring W, Vinje T, Jensen H (1993) Iceberg and sea ice data obtained in the annual expeditions of the Barents Sea Ice Data Acquisition Program (IDAP). In: The 12th international conferences on port and ocean engineering under Arctic conditions (POAC’93), 17–20 August, Hamburg, Germany. Hamburg Ship Model Basin, Hamburg, pp 462–474
Stachowiak GW, Batchelor AW (2006) 2-Physical properties of lubricants. In: Stachowiak GW, Batchelor AW (eds) Engineering tribology, 3rd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, pp 11–50
Stapelberg RF (2009) Handbook of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety in engineering design. Springer, London
Syversen T, Dinessen F, Paaske BJ, Ekeberg O-C, Hughes N, Kråkenes T (2015) Kartlegging av is- og snøforekomst i Barentshavet, inkludert risikovurderinger relatert til petroleumsaktivitet. SINTEF, Trondheim
Toomey RM, Lloyd M, House DJ, Dickins D (2010) The ice navigation manual. Witherby Seamanship International Ltd, Edinburgh
Tuomo K (1994) Mitigation of steady-state vibrations induced by ice. In: Chung JS, Natvig BJ, Das BM (eds) Proceedings of the 4th international offshore and polar engineering conference 10–15 April, Osaka, Japan. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, pp 534–539
USGS (2008) USGS Fact Sheet 2008-3049: Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: estimates of undiscovered oil and gas North of the Arctic circle. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston
Wright B, Timco G (1994) A review of ice forces and failure modes on the Molikpaq. In: Proceeding of the 12th international symposium on ice (IAHR), 23–26 August, Trondheim, pp 816–824
Yun G, Marsden A (2010) Methodology for estimating probability of success of Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue (EER) strategies for arctic offshore facilities. Cold Reg Sci Technol 61(2–3):107–115
Zaki R (2015) Drilling waste minimization in the Barents Sea. UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø
Zhang D, Yue Q (2011) Major challenges of offshore platforms design for shallow water oil and gas field in moderate ice conditions. Ocean Eng 38(10):1220–1224
Zhou L, Su B, Riska K, Moan T (2012) Numerical simulation of moored structure station keeping in level ice. Cold Reg Sci Technol 71:54–66
Zio E (2009) Reliability engineering: old problems and new challenges. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 94(2):125–141
Zio E, Baraldi P, Patelli E (2006) Assessment of the availability of an offshore installation by Monte Carlo simulation. Int J Press Vessels Pip 83(4):312–320
Zolotukhin A, Gavrilov V (2011) Russian Arctic petroleum resources: challenges and future opportunities. In: Offshore technology conference, 7–9 February, Houston, TX, USA
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Prof. Uday Kumar, Prof. Alfred Hanssen and Dr. Abbas Barabadi for their valuable comments on this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Naseri, M., Barabady, J. On RAM performance of production facilities operating under the Barents Sea harsh environmental conditions. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 7, 273–298 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-016-0463-x
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-016-0463-x