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DNA barcoding of brown Parmeliae (Parmeliaceae) species: a molecular approach for accurate specimen identification, emphasizing species in Greenland

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Abstract

Warming of Arctic and alpine regions has a substantial impact on high-altitude/-latitude ecosystems. Shifting biomes due to climate change may lead to adjustments in species distributions and potential extinctions. Therefore, detailed monitoring is requisite to assess biologically meaningful shifts in community composition and species distributions. Some Arctic-alpine lichens have been shown to be particularly sensitive to climatic shifts associated with global change. However, accurate identification of lichenized fungal species remains challenging and may limit the effective use of lichens in climate change research. Given the inherent difficulties in accurate identification of lichenized fungi and the potential value of efficient identifications for bio-monitoring research, we investigated the utility of DNA barcode identification of the 13 brown Parmeliae (Ascomycota) species occurring in Greenland. For these species, we assessed monophyly and genetic distances using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the standard DNA barcode for fungi. We also compared intraspecific distance values to a proposed intra-interspecific threshold value for Parmeliaceae to identify nominal taxa potentially masking previously unrecognized diversity. Our results indicated that the 13 brown Parmeliae species occurring in Greenland can be successfully discriminated using the ITS region. All phenotypically circumscribed species were recovered as well-supported, monophyletic clades. Furthermore, our data supported a barcode gap among congeners for all brown Parmeliae species investigated here. However, high intraspecific genetic distances suggest the potential for previously unrecognized species-lineages in at least five species: Melanelia agnata, M. hepatizon, Montanelia disjuncta, M. panniformis, and M. tominii. Our research facilitates effective, long-term bio-monitoring of climate change in Greenland using lichens by providing accurate molecular identification of brown Parmeliae specimens.

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to various colleagues for providing valuable material and field assistance, notably, Jarle Bjerke, Curtis Björk, Trevor Goward, Ann Henson, Jason Holzinger, Chris and Donna Howell, Kerry Knudsen, the Leavitt family, James Lendemer, Bruce McCune, Troy McMullin, Tom Nash, Toby Spribille, Larry St. Clair, and Arne Thell. We thank the following individuals for making invaluable contributions in the laboratory: Kevin Feldheim, Sergio Garcia, Warren Chatwin, and Jessica Allen. We also thank Curtis Björk, Jason Hollinger, Chris Parrish, and Einar Timdal for generously allowing us to use their photographs, and Monica Proulx for her helpful comments. Support from the National Science Foundation (“Hidden diversity in parmelioid lichens,” DEB-0949147), Negaunee Foundation, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (GLCL2010-21646/BOS), is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore, Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA

    Steven D. Leavitt, Bradley F. Loomis & H. Thorsten Lumbsch

  2. Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, 193 MLBM, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA

    Steven D. Leavitt

  3. Department of Biological Sciences #2715, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA

    Theodore L. Esslinger

  4. Herbarium, Botanical Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2 C, 1123, Copenhagen K, Denmark

    Eric Steen Hansen

  5. Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain

    Pradeep K. Divakar & Ana Crespo

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  1. Steven D. Leavitt
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Correspondence to Steven D. Leavitt.

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Supplementary Table S1

Collection information for all brown Parmeliae specimens included in the present study (XLSX 46 kb)

Supplementary Figure S1

Maximum likelihood ITS phylogeny of 372 samples brown Parmeliaespecimens. Non-parametric bootstrap support is indicated at nodes (PDF 405 kb)

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Leavitt, S.D., Esslinger, T.L., Hansen, E.S. et al. DNA barcoding of brown Parmeliae (Parmeliaceae) species: a molecular approach for accurate specimen identification, emphasizing species in Greenland. Org Divers Evol 14, 11–20 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-013-0147-1

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