Skip to main content
Log in

Non-duality and the Integration of Mindfulness into Psychotherapy: Qualitative Research with Meditating Therapists

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Mindfulness Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As behavioral and cognitive psychotherapy traditions increasingly incorporate mindfulness concepts and practices, it is important to notice changes occurring in the cross-cultural translation of the ideas and practices from their Buddhist origins. The current study explored this issue utilizing a qualitative research method to collect data from seven “information-rich” participants. These participants were psychotherapists with long-term mindfulness practices; all integrating mindfulness into their psychotherapy work. They had, on average, 31 years of mindfulness meditation practice as a component of a larger spiritual practice. Participants were interviewed about their mindfulness practices, their therapeutic work, and their perspectives on how mindfulness in their spirituality-based meditation practices differs from and informs their psychotherapy work. A review of findings is presented as well as in-depth exploration of a selected meta-theme; participants all, at times, demonstrated a non-dualistic worldview and discussed the ideas of relative and ultimate reality. These views affected their use of language and contributed to the presence of dialectical and paradoxical responses. These concepts are important to consider as the development of therapist training in mindfulness-based treatment delivery evolves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aggs, C., & Bambling, M. (2010). Teaching mindfulness to psychotherapists in clinical practice: the mindful therapy programme. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 10, 278–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. American Psychological Review, 10, 125–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 29–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batten, S. V., Orsillo, S. M., & Wasler, R. D. (2005). Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In S. M. Orisillo & L. Roemer (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment (pp. 241–269). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, S., Chawla, N., & Marlatt, G. A. (2011). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for addictive behaviors: a clinician’s guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslin, F. C. (2002). An information-processing analysis of mindfulness: implications for relapse prevention in the treatment of substance abuse. Clinical Psychology, 9, 275–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychology Inquiry, 18, 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, J. C., & Maris, J. A. (2009). Integrating mindfulness as self-care into counselling and psychotherapy training. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 10, 114–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cigolla, F., & Brown, D. (2011). A way of being: bringing mindfulness into individual therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 709–721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48, 198–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimeff, L. A., & Koerner, K. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy in clinical practice: applications across disorders and settings. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimidjian, S., & Linehan, M. (2003). Defining an agenda for future research on the clinical application of mindfulness practice. American Psychology Association Journal, 10, 166–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorjee, D. (2010). Kinds and dimensions of mindfulness: why it is important to distinguish them. Mindfulness, 1, 152–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowd, T., & McCleery, A. (2007). Elements of Buddhist philosophy in cognitive psychotherapy: the role of cultural specifics and universals. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 7(1), 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, N. K. (2006). An eastern perspective on change. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 205–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton, P. R. (2005). Mindfulness as clinical training. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 55–72). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grepmair, L., Mitterlehner, F., Loew, T., & Nickel, M. (2007). Promotion of mindfulness in psychotherapists in training: preliminary study. European Psychiatry, 22, 485–489.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grepmair, L., Mitterlehner, F., & Nickel, M. (2008). Promotion of mindfulness in psychotherapists in training. Psychiatry Research, 158, 265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology’s (re)invention of mindfulness: comment on Brown et al. (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23, 1034–1040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavioral Therapy, 35, 639–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: an experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M., & Linehan, M. M. (Eds.). (2004). Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Bantam Dell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, L. H., & Fine, M. (1997). Qualitative inquiry in psychology: a radical tradition. In D. Fox & I. Prilleltensky (Eds.), Critical psychology: an introduction (pp. 35–50). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornfield, J. (1993). A path with heart. New York: Bantum Books.

  • Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, A. G. (2002). Buddhist philosophy and the treatment of addictive behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 44–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. A. (1998). Designing a qualitative study. In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), Handbook of applied social research methods (pp. 69–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCollum, E. E., & Gehart, D. R. (2010). Using mindfulness meditation to teach beginning therapists therapeutic presence: a qualitative study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 36, 347–360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGarrigle, T., & Walsh, C. A. (2011). Mindfulness, self-care, and wellness in social work: effects of contemplative training. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 30, 212–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, S. L. (2005). Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 250–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muran, C. J. (2007). A relational turn on thick description. In C. J. Muran (Ed.), Dialogues on difference: studies of diversity in the therapeutic relationship (pp. 257–274). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nhat Hahn, T. (1975). The miracle of mindfulness. Boston, MA: Beacon Press

  • Nhat Hahn, T. (1987). The miracle of mindfulness. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll, A. (2009). The growing influence of mindfulness on the work of the counseling psychologist: a review. Counselling Psychology Review, 24, 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pidgeon, N., & Henwood, K. (1997). Using grounded theory in psychological research. In N. Hayes (Ed.), Doing qualitative analysis in psychology (pp. 245–273). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, C. J. (2002). Zen principles and mindfulness practice in dialectical behavior therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 50–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: theoretical rationale and empirical status. In S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette, & M. M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition (pp. 45–65). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., & Carlson, L. E. (2009). The art and science of mindfulness: integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions. Washington, D.C.: American Psychology Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Wahler, R. G., Winton, A. S. W., & Singh, J. (2008). Mindfulness approaches in cognitive behavior therapy. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 659–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Surrey, J. L. (2005). Relational psychotherapy: relational mindfulness. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 91–110). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, S. (2007). Zen mind, beginner’s mind: informal talks on Zen meditation and practice. Boston, MA: Weatherhill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thubten, A. (2009). No self, no problem. Ithica, New York: Snow Lion Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thubten, A. (2013). Unnamed public talk. Dharmata Meditation Retreat. Lecture, conducted from Perkins Camp, Stanley, ID.

  • Vandenberghe, L., & Prado, F. C. (2009). Law and grace in Saint Augustine: a fresh perspective on mindfulness and spirituality in behaviour therapy. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12, 587–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, K. (2001). No boundaries: eastern and western approaches to personal growth. Boston MA: Shambhala.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Meghan Gill.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gill, M., Waltz, J., Suhrbier, P. et al. Non-duality and the Integration of Mindfulness into Psychotherapy: Qualitative Research with Meditating Therapists. Mindfulness 6, 708–722 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0310-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0310-6

Keywords

Navigation