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In vitro exposure of Penicillium mycotoxins with or without a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW) on bovine macrophages (BoMacs)

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Abstract

Penicillium mycotoxins (PMs) are contaminants that are frequently found in grain or crop-based silage for animal feed. Previously, we have characterized the potential immunotoxicity of the following PMs: citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and penicillic acid (PA) by using a bovine macrophage cell line (BoMacs). In the present study, cell proliferation was used as a bioassay endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW), for preventing PM toxicity under various in vitro conditions such as the following: pH (3, 5, 7), incubation time (1, 2, 4, 6 h), percentage of mYCW (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 %), and PM concentration. mYCW was most effective in preventing the toxicity of 12.88 and 25.8 μM OTA at pH 3.0 (p < 0.0001), regardless of incubation time (p < 0.0001) and the percentage of mYCW (p < 0.0001). An incubation time of 6 h (p < 0.05) or 0.5 and 1.0 % mYCW (p < 0.0001) significantly improved the efficacy of mYCW for preventing CIT toxicity. In contrast, 0.5 and 1.0 % of mYCW appeared to exacerbate the PAT toxicity (p < 0. 0001). This effect on PAT toxicity was constantly observed with higher PAT concentrations, and it reached significance at a concentration of 0.70 μM (p < 0.0001). mYCW had no effect on PA toxicity. These results suggest that mYCW may reduce OTA toxicity and, to some extent, CIT toxicity at pH 3.0. Although PAT toxicity was increased by mYCW treatment, PAT is readily degraded during heat treatment and may therefore be dealt with using other preventative measures.

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Abbreviations

BoMacs:

Bovine macrophage cell line

CIT:

Citrinin

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

GSH:

Glutathione

HCl:

Hydrogen chloride (HCl)

HEPES:

4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

IC50:

Concentration that inhibits 50 % of cell proliferation

MPA:

Mycophenolic acid

MS:

Mass spectrometry

mYCW:

Modified yeast cell wall extract

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

OTA:

Ochratoxin A

PA:

Penicillic acid

PAT:

Patulin

PBS:

Sodium phosphate buffer

PM:

Penicillium mycotoxin

RPMI 1640:

Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 media

YCW:

Yeast cell wall

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Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by Alltech Inc, KY, USA.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal & Poultry Science (APS), Ontario Agriculture College (OAC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Se-Young Oh, V. Margaret Quinton & Niel A. Karrow

  2. Department of Biomedical Science, Ontario Veterinary College (OVC), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Herman J. Boermans

  3. Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India

    H. V. L. N. Swamy

  4. Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (CGIL), Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Se-Young Oh & Niel A. Karrow

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  1. Se-Young Oh
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  2. V. Margaret Quinton
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  3. Herman J. Boermans
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  4. H. V. L. N. Swamy
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  5. Niel A. Karrow
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Correspondence to Se-Young Oh or Niel A. Karrow.

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Oh, SY., Quinton, V.M., Boermans, H.J. et al. In vitro exposure of Penicillium mycotoxins with or without a modified yeast cell wall extract (mYCW) on bovine macrophages (BoMacs). Mycotoxin Res 31, 167–175 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-015-0227-5

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