Abstract
Pathophysiology of tremor generation remains uncertain in ‘familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy’ (FCMTE) and essential tremor (ET). In both disorders, imaging and pathological studies suggest involvement of the cerebellum and its projection areas. MR diffusion tensor imaging allows estimation of white matter tissue composition, and therefore is well suited to quantify structural changes in vivo. This study aimed to compare cerebellar fiber density between FCMTE and ET patients and healthy controls. Seven FCMTE patients, eight ET patients, and five healthy controls were studied. Cerebellum was annotated based on fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity volumes. Mean cerebellar FA values were computed as well as mean cerebellar volume. Group statistics included one-way ANOVAs and post hoc independent t tests. Mean FA of the cerebellar region for FCMTE was 0.242 (SD = 0.012), for ET 0.259 (SD = 0.0115), and for controls 0.262 (SD = 0.0146). There was a significant group effect for FA (F(2) = 4.9, p = 0.02). No difference in mean cerebellar volume was found. Post hoc independent t tests revealed significantly decreased mean FA in FCMTE patients compared to controls (t[10] = 2.5, p = 0.03) and ET patients (t[13] = 2.9, p = 0.01), while there was no difference in mean FA between ET patients and controls (t[11] < 1.0). This study indicates for the first time microstructural damage of the cerebellar white matter in FCMTE in vivo. These results ascertain a role of the cerebellum in ‘cortical tremor’.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
van Rootselaar AF, van der Salm SM, Bour LJ, Edwards MJ, Brown P, Aronica E, et al. Decreased cortical inhibition and yet cerebellar pathology in ‘familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy’. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2378–85.
Louis ED, Vonsattel JP. The emerging neuropathology of essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2008;23:174–82.
Kudo J, Kudo T, Yamauchi T. [Seven families with heredofamilial tremor and epilepsy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1984;24:1–8.
van Rootselaar AF, van Schaik IN, van den Maagdenberg AM, Koelman JH, Callenbach PM, Tijssen MA. Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy: a single syndromic classification for a group of pedigrees bearing common features. Mov Disord. 2005;20:665–73.
Ikeda A, Kakigi R, Funai N, Neshige R, Kuroda Y, Shibasaki H. Cortical tremor: a variant of cortical reflex myoclonus. Neurology. 1990;40:1561–5.
van Rootselaar AF, Maurits NM, Koelman JH, van der Hoeven JH, Bour LJ, Leenders KL, et al. Coherence analysis differentiates between cortical myoclonic tremor and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21:215–22.
Sharifi S, Aronica E, Koelman JH, Tijssen MA, and van Rootselaar AF. Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy and the cerebellum. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov 2012. http://tremorjournal.org/article/view/82
van Rootselaar AF, Callenbach PM, Hottenga JJ, Vermeulen FL, Speelman HD, Brouwer OF, et al. A Dutch family with ‘familial cortical tremor with epilepsy’. Clinical characteristics and exclusion of linkage to chromosome 8q23.3–q24.1. J Neurol. 2002;249:829–34.
van Rootselaar AF, Aronica E, Jansen Steur EN, Rozemuller-Kwakkel JM, de Vos RA, Tijssen MA. Familial cortical tremor with epilepsy and cerebellar pathological findings. Mov Disord. 2004;19:213–7.
Yu M, Ma K, Faust PL, Honig LS, Cortes E, Vonsattel JP et al. Increased number of Purkinje cell dendritic swellings in essential tremor. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(4):625–30.
Louis ED, Faust PL, Ma KJ, Yu M, Cortes E, Vonsattel JP. Torpedoes in the cerebellar vermis in essential tremor cases vs. controls. Cerebellum. 2011;10:812–9.
Kuo SH, Erickson-Davis C, Gillman A, Faust PL, Vonsattel JP, Louis ED. Increased number of heterotopic Purkinje cells in essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:1038–40.
Louis ED, Faust PL, Vonsattel JP, Honig LS, Rajput A, Robinson CA, et al. Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls. Brain. 2007;130:3297–307.
Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Krack P. The pathophysiology of tremor. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:716–35.
Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J. 1994;66:259–67.
Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B. 1996;111:209–19.
Pierpaoli C, Jezzard P, Basser PJ, Barnett A, Di CG. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology. 1996;201:637–48.
Melhem ER, Mori S, Mukundan G, Kraut MA, Pomper MG, van Zijl PCM. Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the brain and white matter tractography. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:3–16.
Benito-Leon J, Alvarez-Linera J, Hernandez-Tamames JA, Alonso-Navarro H, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Louis ED. Brain structural changes in essential tremor: voxel-based morphometry at 3-Tesla. J Neurol Sci. 2009;287:138–42.
Martinelli P, Rizzo G, Manners D, Tonon C, Pizza F, Testa C, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging study of patients with essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1182–5.
Shin DH, Han BS, Kim HS, Lee PH. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with essential tremor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:151–3.
Bain P, Brin M, Deuschl G, Elble R, Jankovic J, Findley L. Criteria for the diagnosis of essential tremor. Neurology. 2000;54:S7.
Mangin JF, Poupon C, Clark C, Le BD, Bloch I. Distortion correction and robust tensor estimation for MR diffusion imaging. Med Image Anal. 2002;6:191–8.
Blaas J, Botha CP, Peters B, Vos FM, and Post FH. Fast and reproducible fiber bundle selection in DTI visualization. IEEE 2005;59–64; Visualization, 2005 VIS 05
Bhatia KP, Brown P, Gregory R, Lennox GG, Manji H, Thompson PD. Progressive myoclonic ataxia associated with coeliac disease. The myoclonus is of cortical origin, but the pathology is in the cerebellum. Brain. 1995;118(5):1087–93.
Finelli PF, McEntee WJ, Ambler M, Kestenbaum D. Adult celiac disease presenting as cerebellar syndrome. Neurology. 1980;30:245–9.
Hunt JR. Dyssynergica cerebellaris myoclonica—primary atrophy of the dentate system. Brain. 1921;44:490–538.
Tijssen MA, Thom M, Ellison DW, Wilkins P, Barnes D, Thompson PD, et al. Cortical myoclonus and cerebellar pathology. Neurology. 2000;54:1350–6.
Breton P, Bizot JC, Buee J, De LM. I. Brain neurotoxicity of Penitrem A: electrophysiological, behavioral and histopathological study. Toxicon. 1998;36:645–55.
Striano P, Caranci F, Di BR, Tortora F, Zara F, Striano S. (1)H-MR spectroscopy indicates prominent cerebellar dysfunction in benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1491–7.
van Rootselaar AF, Renken R, de Jong BM, Hoogduin JM, Tijssen MA, Maurits NM. fMRI analysis for motor paradigms using EMG-based designs: a validation study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007;28:1117–27.
Moll NM, Rietsch AM, Thomas S, Ransohoff AJ, Lee JC, Fox R, et al. Multiple sclerosis normal-appearing white matter: pathology–imaging correlations. Ann Neurol. 2011;70:764–73.
Crooks R, Mitchell T, Thom M. Patterns of cerebellar atrophy in patients with chronic epilepsy: a quantitative neuropathological study. Epilepsy Res. 2000;41:63–73.
Li Y, Du H, Xie B, Wu N, Wang J, Wu G. Cerebellum abnormalities in idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures revealed by diffusion tensor imaging. PLoS One. 2010;5:e15219.
Liu M, Concha L, Beaulieu C, Gross DW. Distinct white matter abnormalities in different idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsia. 2011;52:2267–75.
Nicoletti G, Manners D, Novellino F, Condino F, Malucelli E, Barbiroli B, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI changes in cerebellar structures of patients with familial essential tremor. Neurology. 2010;74:988–94.
Klein JC, Lorenz B, Kang JS, Baudrexel S, Seifried C, van de Loo S, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of white matter involvement in essential tremor. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32:896–904.
Jia L, Jia-Lin S, Qin D, Qing L, Yan Z. A diffusion tensor imaging study in essential tremor. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21:370–4.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Statistical analysis was performed by MWAC.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Buijink, A.W.G., Caan, M.W.A., Tijssen, M.A.J. et al. Decreased Cerebellar Fiber Density in Cortical Myoclonic Tremor but Not in Essential Tremor. Cerebellum 12, 199–204 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-012-0414-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-012-0414-2