Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Disorders of Consciousness in China

  • Review
  • Published:
Neuroscience Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

With the development of modern international medicine, the subject of disorders of consciousness (DOCs) has begun to be raised in mainland China. Much progress has been made to date in several specialties related to the management of chronic DOC patients in China. In this article, we briefly review the present status of DOC studies in China, specifically concerning diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and rehabilitation. The development of DOC-related scientific organizations and activities in China are introduced. Some weaknesses that need improvement are also noted. The current program provides a good foundation for future development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jennett B, Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. A syndrome in search of a name. Lancet 1972, 1: 734–737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Giacino JT, Zasler ND, Katz DI, Kelly JP, Rosenberg JH, Filley CM. Development of practice guidelines for assessment and management of the vegetative and minimally conscious states. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1997, 12: 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Giacino JT, Ashwal S, Childs N, Cranford R, Jennett B, Katz DI, et al. The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002, 58: 349–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Andrews K, Murphy L, Munday R, Littlewood C. Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit. BMJ 1996, 313: 13–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Giacino JT, Fins JJ, Laureys S, Schiff ND. Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science. Nat Rev Neurol 2014, 10: 99–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Di Perri C, Annen J, Antonopoulos G, Amico E, Cavaliere C, Laureys S. Measuring consciousness through imaging. In: Monti MM, Sannita WG (Eds.). Brain Function and Responsiveness in Disorders of Consciousness. Springer; 2016: 51–65.

  7. Vanhaudenhuyse A, Boly M, Bruno MA, Gosseries O, Demertzi A, Kirsch M, et al. Functional imaging and impaired consciousness. In: Schnakers C, Laureys S (Eds.). Coma and Disorders of Consciousness. London: Springer, 2012: 25–34.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Kalmar K, Giacino JT. The JFK coma recovery scale—revised. Neuropsychol rehabil 2005, 15: 454–460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974, 304: 81–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gill-Thwaites H. The Sensory Modality Assessment Rehabilitation Technique-a tool for assessment and treatment of patients with severe brain injury in a vegetative state. Brain Inj 1997, 11: 723-734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shiel A, Horn S, Wilson B, Watson M, Campbell M, McLellan D. The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) main scale: a preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury. Clin Rehabil 2000, 14: 408–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gilutz Y, Lazary A, Karpin H, Vatine JJ, Misha T, Fortinsky H, et al. Detailed behavioral assessment promotes accurate diagnosis in patients with disorders of consciousness. Front Hum Neurosci 2015, 9: 87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Stokes V, Gunn S, Schouwenaars K, Badwan D. Neurobehavioural assessment and diagnosis in disorders of consciousness: a preliminary study of the Sensory Tool to Assess Responsiveness (STAR). Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016: 1–18.

  14. Pignat JM, Mauron E, Jöhr J, de Keranflec’h CG, Van De Ville D, Preti MG, et al. Outcome prediction of consciousness disorders in the acute stage based on a complementary motor behavioural tool. PLoS One 2016, 11: e0156882.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wannez S, Heine L, Thonnard M, Gosseries O, Laureys S, Collaborators CSG. The repetition of behavioral assessments in diagnosis of disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol 2017, 81: 883–889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Xi Z, Feng G, Liu T, Gan Y, Wang P, Ma H. Traditional Chinese medicine study of persistent vegetative state. Clin Res 2006, 27: 21–23 [Article in Chinese].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state. N Engl J Med 1994, 330: 1499–1508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. The expert panel for disorders of consciousness. The nomenclature, definition and diagnostic criteria of persistent vegetative state. J Modern Clinic Biomedical Engineering 1996, 2: 232 [Article in Chinese].

    Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang G, Wang C, Ding X. Chinese diagnostic criteria and assessment scale for persistent vegetative state. Chin J Crit Care Med 1999, 19: 632–633 [Article in Chinese].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Diagnostic criteria and clinical curative effect scale for persistent vegetative state (Chinese Nanjing Criteria 2011 revised version, in Chinese). Chin J Naut Med Hyperbar Med 2011, 18: 319.

  21. Di H, He M, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Wang F, Nie Y, et al. Chinese translation of the Coma Recovery Scale—Revised. Brain Inj 2017, 31: 363–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fernandez-Espejo D, Soddu A, Cruse D, Palacios EM, Junque C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, et al. A role for the default mode network in the bases of disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol 2012, 72: 335–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vanhaudenhuyse A, Noirhomme Q, Tshibanda LJ, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, et al. Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain 2010, 133: 161–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stender J, Gosseries O, Bruno MA, Charland-Verville V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, et al. Diagnostic precision of PET imaging and functional MRI in disorders of consciousness: a clinical validation study. Lancet 2014, 384: 514–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Song M, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Yang Y, Jiang T. Brain network studies in chronic disorders of consciousness: advances and perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2018, 34: 592–604.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Casali AG, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, Boly M, Sarasso S, Casali KR, et al. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Sci Transl Med 2013, 5: 198ra105.

  27. Casarotto S, Comanducci A, Rosanova M, Sarasso S, Fecchio M, Napolitani M, et al. Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity. Ann Neurol 2016, 80: 718–729.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Qin P, Wu X, Huang Z, Duncan NW, Tang W, Wolff A, et al. How are different neural networks related to consciousness? Ann Neurol 2015, 78: 594–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wu X, Zou Q, Hu J, Tang W, Mao Y, Gao L, et al. Intrinsic functional connectivity patterns predict consciousness level and recovery outcome in acquired brain injury. J Neurosci 2015, 35: 12932–12946.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. He J, Cui Y, Song M, Yang Y, Dang Y, Jiang T, et al. Decreased functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and default mode network in patients with disorders of consciousness. Acta Neurol Scand 2015, 131: 145–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wu X, Zhang J, Cui Z, Tang W, Shao C, Hu J, et al. White matter deficits underlie the loss of consciousness level and predict recovery outcome in disorders of consciousness. Neurosci Bull 2018, 34: 668–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cui Y, Song M, Lipnicki DM, Yang Y, Ye C, Fan L, et al. Subdivisions of the posteromedial cortex in disorders of consciousness. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.09999 2018.

  33. Weng L, Xie Q, Zhao L, Zhang R, Ma Q, Wang J, et al. Abnormal structural connectivity between the basal ganglia, thalamus, and frontal cortex in patients with disorders of consciousness. Cortex 2017, 90: 71–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yao S, Song J, Gao L, Yan Y, Huang C, Ding H, et al. Thalamocortical sensorimotor circuit damage associated with disorders of consciousness for diffuse axonal injury patients. J Neurol Sci 2015, 356: 168–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pan J, Xie Q, He Y, Wang F, Di H, Laureys S, et al. Detecting awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness using a hybrid brain–computer interface. J Neural Eng 2014, 11: 056007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bernat JL. Chronic disorders of consciousness. Lancet 2006, 367: 1181–1192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bruno MA, Ledoux D, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Gosseries O, Thibaut A, Laureys S. Prognosis of patients with altered state of consciousness. In: Schnakers C, Laureys S (Eds.). Coma and Disorders of Consciousness. London: Springer, 2012: 11–23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Luaute J, Maucort-Boulch D, Tell L, Quelard F, Sarraf T, Iwaz J, et al. Long-term outcomes of chronic minimally conscious and vegetative states. Neurology 2010, 75: 246–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Demertzi A, Sitt J, Sarasso S, Pinxten W. Measuring states of pathological (un)consciousness: research dimensions, clinical applications, and ethics. Neurosci Conscious 2017, 3.

  40. Noirhomme Q, Brecheisen R, Lesenfants D, Antonopoulos G, Laureys S. “Look at my classifier’s result”: Disentangling unresponsive from (minimally) conscious patients. Neuroimage 2017, 145: 288–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zandbergen EGJ, de Haan RJ, Stoutenbeek CP, Koelman J, Hijdra A. Systematic review of early prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma. Lancet 1998, 352: 1808–1812.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS. Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA 2004, 291: 870–879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dolce G, Quintieri M, Serra S, Lagani V, Pignolo L. Clinical signs and early prognosis in vegetative state: A decisional tree, data-mining study. Brain Inj 2008, 22: 617–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hofmeijer J, van Putten MJAM. EEG in postanoxic coma: Prognostic and diagnostic value. Clin Neurophysiol 2016, 127: 2047–2055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Steppacher I, Eickhoff S, Jordanov T, Kaps M, Witzke W, Kissler J. N400 predicts recovery from disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol 2013, 73: 594–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chennu S, Annen J, Wannez S, Thibaut A, Chatelle C, Cassoi H, et al. Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness. Brain 2017, 140: 2120–2132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Maas AIR, Steyerberg EW, Butcher I, Dammers R, Lu J, Marmarou A, et al. Prognostic value of computerized tomography scan characteristics in traumatic brain injury: Results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24: 303–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sidaros A, Engberg A, Sidaros K, Liptrot MG, Herning M, Petersen P, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury and relation to clinical outcome: a longitudinal study. Brain 2008, 131: 559–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Luyt CE, Galanaud D, Perlbarg V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Stevens RD, Gupta R, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging to predict long-term outcome after cardiac arrest a bicentric pilot study. Anesthesiology 2012, 117: 1311–1321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Galanaud D, Perlbarg V, Gupta R, Stevens RD, Sanchez P, Tollard E, et al. Assessment of white matter injury and outcome in severe brain trauma a prospective multicenter cohort. Anesthesiology 2012, 117: 1300–1310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Stender J, Gosseries O, Bruno MA, Charland-Verville V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, et al. Diagnostic precision of PET imaging and functional MRI in disorders of consciousness: a clinical validation study. Lancet 2014, 384: 514–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kaneko T, Kasaoka S, Miyauchi T, Fujita M, Oda Y, Tsuruta R, et al. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein as a predictive biomarker of neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2009, 80: 790–794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rundgren M, Karlsson T, Nielsen N, Cronberg T, Johnsson P, Friberg H. Neuron specific enolase and S-100B as predictors of outcome after cardiac arrest and induced hypothermia. Resuscitation 2009, 80: 784–789.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Xu W, Kaur H, Wang X, Li H. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the prediction of minimally conscious state after traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurg 2016, 94: 167–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Qin P, Wu X, Huang Z, Duncan NW, Tang W, Wolff A, et al. How are different neural networks related to consciousness? Ann Neurol 2015, 78: 594–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bernat JL. Prognostic limitations of syndromic diagnosis in disorders of consciousness. AJOB Neurosci 2016, 7: 46–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Rossetti AO, Rabinstein AA, Oddo M. Neurological prognostication of outcome in patients in coma after cardiac arrest. Lancet Neurol 2016, 15: 597–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kang XG, Li L, Wei D, Xu XX, Zhao R, Jing YY, et al. Development of a simple score to predict outcome for unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. Crit Care 2014, 18.

  59. Song M, Yang Y, He J, Yang Z, Yu S, Xie Q, et al. Prognostication of chronic disorders of consciousness using brain functional networks and clinical characteristics. Neurons Cogn 2018. https://scirate.com/arxiv/1801.03268.

  60. Whyte J, Katz D, Long D, DiPasquale MC, Polansky M, Kalmar K, et al. Predictors of outcome in prolonged posttraumatic disorders of consciousness and assessment of medication effects: A multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86: 453–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wang Y. Effect of AngongNiuhuang Wan on the recovery of disorders of consciousness after brain injury. J Integr Tradit West Med 1989, 9: 726–727 [Article in Chinese].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Guo Y, Xu R, Xiao H, Xu Q, Chen Y. Observation on the curative effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine combined with comprehensive rehabilitation therapy in the treatment of persistent vegetative state. Modern Rehabil 2001, 5: 101 [Article in Chinese].

    Google Scholar 

  63. Giacino J, Fins JJ, Machado A, Schiff ND. Central thalamic deep brain stimulation to promote recovery from chronic posttraumatic minimally conscious state: challenges and opportunities. Neuromodulation 2012, 15: 339–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. He JH, Yang Y, Jiao H, Dang YY, Dai YW, Zhang Q, et al. Neruomodulation treatment for patients under persistent vegetative state. Chin J Neuromed 2013, 12: 1197–1200 [Article in Chinese].

    Google Scholar 

  65. Yamamoto T, Watanabe M, Obuchi T, Kobayashi K, Oshima H, Fukaya C, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for vegetative state and minimally conscious state: changes in consciousness level and motor function. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2017, 124: 37–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pei B. Spinal dorsal column stimulation (DCS) for vegetative statement. J Qiqihar Med Sch 1991: 16–17 [Article in Chinese].

  67. Dong Y, Li J, Zhang S. Awoking effects of high cervical spinal cord stimulation on a comatose patient due to traumatic brain injury and literature review. Chin J Neurosurg 2011, 27: 568–570 [Article in Chinese].

  68. Zhang X, Chen H, Liang E. A case of coma after traumatic brain injury was treated by high cervical spinal cord stimulation. Natl Med J China 2014, 94: 1512–1513 [Article in Chinese].

  69. Bai Y, Xia X, Li X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, et al. Spinal cord stimulation modulates frontal delta and gamma in patients of minimally consciousness state. Neuroscience 2017, 346: 247–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Si J, Dang Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Spinal cord stimulation frequency influences the hemodynamic response in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neurosci Bull 2018, 34: 659–667.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang Y, Yang Y, Si J, Xia X, He J, Jiang T. Influence of inter-stimulus interval of spinal cord stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness: A preliminary functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage Clin 2018, 17: 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Han Z, Zhou D, He H. Medianus nervi stimulation for persistent vegetative state after head injury: A report of 7 cases. Chin J Phys Ther 1999: 272 [Article in Chinese].

  73. Gao GY, Bao YH, Liang YM, Pan YH, Ding SH, Jiang JY. Clinical efficacy of early right median nerve electrical stimulation for coma patients following craniocerebral trauma. Chin J Trauma 2012: 200–204.

  74. Piccione F, Cavinato M, Manganotti P, Formaggio E, Storti SF, Battistin L, et al. Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the minimally conscious state: a case study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011, 25: 98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Louise-Bender Pape T, Rosenow J, Lewis G, Ahmed G, Walker M, Guernon A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-associated neurobehavioral gains during coma recovery. Brain Stimul 2009, 2: 22–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Liu P, Gao J, Pan S, Meng F, Pan G, Li J, et al. Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with disorders of consciousness: a sham-controlled study. Eur Neurol 2016, 76: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Xia X, Bai Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Xu R, Gao X, et al. Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in disorders of consciousness. Front Neurol 2017, 8: 182.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Yu YT, Yang Y, Wang LB, Fang JL, Chen YY, He JH, et al. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in disorders of consciousness monitored by fMRI: The first case report. Brain Stimul 2017, 10: 328–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Thibaut A, Bruno MA, Ledoux D, Demertzi A, Laureys S. tDCS in patients with disorders of consciousness: sham-controlled randomized double-blind study. Neurology 2014, 82: 1112–1118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cavanna AE, Shah S, Eddy CM, Williams A, Rickards H. Consciousness: a neurological perspective. Behav Neurol 2011, 24: 107–116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Bai Y, Xia X, Wang Y, Guo Y, Yang Y, He J, et al. Fronto-parietal coherence response to tDCS modulation in patients with disorders of consciousness. Int J Neurosci 2018, 128: 587–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Giacino JT, Whyte J, Bagiella E, Kalmar K, Childs N, Khademi A, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of amantadine for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2012, 366: 819–826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cai KH, Liu LJ, Dai LM, Wan Y, Du B, Zhao YY. Efficacy of zolpidem in promoting awakening from persistent vegetative state in patients with brain injury. Chin J Neuromed 2008, 7: 1174–1176 [Article in Chinese].

  84. Huang L, Obenaus A. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for traumatic brain injury. Med Gas Res 2011, 1: 21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Rockswold GL, Ford SE, Anderson DC, Bergman TA, Sherman RE. Results of a prospective randomized trial for treatment of severely brain-injured patients with hyperbaric oxygen. J Neurosurg 1992, 76: 929–934.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rockswold SB, Rockswold GL, Zaun DA, Zhang X, Cerra CE, Bergman TA, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial to compare the effect of hyperbaric to normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism, intracranial pressure, and oxygen toxicity in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2010, 112: 1080–1094.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wang C, Zhang G, Cao L. Hyperbaric oxygen as the main therapy for persistent vegetative state. Chin J Navig Med 1998, 5: 199–202 [Article in Chinese].

  88. Yang Y, He JH, Jiao H, Xia XY, Dang YY, Dai YW, et al. The clinical efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and Meta analysis of time windows. Chin J Neurol 2015, 14: 501–505 [Article in Chinese].

  89. Zhang X, Zhang P, Xu C, Wu D, Guo X. Clinical analysis of 19 cases of vegetative treatment with meridian guiding therapy. Nei Mongol Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1994, 13: 42 [Article in Chinese].

  90. Wang T. Buyang five decoction is the main treatment for 10 cases of vegetative diseases. The practical Chinese medicine journal 1996, 12: 3–5 [Article in Chinese].

  91. Wang S, Hong J, Deng A, Kang W, He X. Clinical observation on 36 cases of persistent vegetative state after brain injury treated by acupuncture. Chin Acupunct 2000, 5: 267–268 [Article in Chinese].

  92. Zhang L, Song HJ. Clinical study on the influence of three dimensional five senses awakening method on the PVS scale score of PVS patients and its awakening effect. Chin Med Clin Res 2012, 4: 10–11 [Article in Chinese].

  93. Lombardi F, Taricco M, De Tanti A, Telaro E, Liberati A. Sensory stimulation of brain-injured individuals in coma or vegetative state: results of a Cochrane systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2002, 16: 464–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yang S. Clinical rehabilitation of patients with persistent vegetative state. Chinese Journal of rehabilitation medicine 1997, 12: 22–24 [Article in Chinese].

  95. Di H, Schnakers C. Sensory stimulation program. In: Schnakers C, Laureys S (Eds.). Coma and Disorders of Consciousness. London: Springer-Verlag, 2012: 97–103.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I gratefully thank Yujin Zhang for her help in manuscript preparation and Jianghong He, Qiuyou Xie, Yi Yang, Ming Song, and Yue Cui for providing materials for the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China

    Jizong Zhao

Authors
  1. Jizong Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jizong Zhao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares no competing financial interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhao, J. Disorders of Consciousness in China. Neurosci. Bull. 34, 605–614 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-018-0263-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-018-0263-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation