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Environment and Slow Epidemics Favor Oosporulation of Phytophthora infestans Mont. De Bary, on Potato Leaves in the Toluca Valley, México

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Abstract

The Toluca Valley, located in the central highlands of México, has optimal climatic conditions for the development of Phytophthora infestans as well as for sexual reproduction due to the presence of two mating types (1:1, ratio). Therefore, it is a suitable place to study late blight epidemics on cultivated potatoes. In order to quantify oospore formation on foliage during the progress of late blight epidemics and to establish the implications of (a) genetic resistance of the host, (b) disease management (fungicide application), and (c) environmental conditions, a study was conducted in the summer of 2002 and 2003 on two potato cultivars during the progress of the epidemic under rainfed and natural infection conditions in the Toluca Valley. The cultivars were exposed to 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0× doses of the protectant fungicide chlorothalonil (1.0× = 1.15 kg a. i. ha−1). Oosporulation started 56 and 46 days after planting (2002 and 2003, respectively) with a maximum peak at 72 days in the two growing cycles. The total number of oospores in both years on cultivar Zafiro, resistant to P. infestans, was higher than on susceptible cv. Alpha (101 vs. 67). However, there were no statistically significant differences (P = 0.40), which suggests that the resistance level of the host did not have a direct influence on oospore formation. The epidemics obtained from each of the treatments were characterized through multivariate analysis. Initial severity (Yo), as a percentage of damage from total foliage, time of total epidemic duration (T t ), and average of apparent infection rate (b −1) were the variables that best explained the epidemics. These epidemics were organized into four groups. The group with an average rate of apparent infection of 0.010–0.015 units day−1 and a duration of more than 50 days allowed higher oospore formation, regardless of host genotype. The nine days accumulated rainfall prior to the formation of oospores had a significant positive correlation (r ≥ 0.7) with the absolute number of oospores per leaflet. It is concluded that oosporulation depended more on environmental factors (rain) and on the induction of slow epidemics (disease management), than on the genetic makeup of the host.

Resumen

El valle de Toluca, ubicado en los valles altos centrales de México, tiene las condiciones climáticas óptimas para el desarrollo de Phytophthora infestans, así como para su reproducción sexual debido a la presencia de los dos tipos de compatibilidad (proporción 1:1). De aquí que es un lugar ideal para estudiar las epidemias del tizón tardío en la papa cultivada. En el verano de 2002 y 2003 se condujo un estudio en dos variedades de papa durante el progreso de la epidemia bajo condiciones de secano y de infección natural en el valle de Toluca, a fin de cuantificar la formación de oosporas en el follaje durante el progreso de las epidemias de tizón tardío, y para establecer las implicaciones de a) resistencia genética del hospedante, b) el manejo de la enfermedad (aplicación de fungicidas) y c) las condiciones ambientales. Se expusieron las variedades a dosis de 0.0x, 0.5x, y 1.0x del fungicida preventivo clorotalonil (1.0x = 1.15 kg i. a. ha−1). La oosporulación empezó 56 y 46 días después de la plantación (2002 y 2003, respectivamente) con un pico máximo a los 72 días en los dos ciclos de cultivo. El número total de oosporas en los dos años en la variedad Zafiro, resistente a P. infestans, fue mayor que en la variedad susceptible Alpha (101 vs 67). No obstante, no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas (P = 0.40), lo cual sugiere que el nivel de resistencia del hospedante no tuvo una influencia directa en la formación de oosporas. Las epidemias obtenidas de cada uno de los tratamientos se caracterizaron con análisis multivariado. Las variables que mejor explicaron a las epidemias fueron la severidad inicial (Yo), como porcentaje del daño del follaje total, el tiempo de la duración total de la epidemia (T t ), y el promedio del nivel aparente de infección (b −1). Estas epidemias se organizaron en dos grupos. El grupo con un nivel promedio de infección aparente de 0.010–0.015 unidades día−1 y una duración de mas de 50 días permitió la mayor formación de oosporas, independientemente del genotipo del hospedante. Los nueve días de acumulación de lluvia previos a la formación de oosporas tuvo una correlación positiva significativa (r > 0.7) con el número absoluto de oosporas por folíolo. Se concluye que la oosporulación dependió mas de factores ambientales (lluvia) y en la inducción de una epidemia lenta (manejo de la enfermedad), que de la constitución genética del hospedante.

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Correspondence to Héctor Lozoya-Saldaña.

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Romero-Montes, G., Lozoya-Saldaña, H., Mora-Aguilera, G. et al. Environment and Slow Epidemics Favor Oosporulation of Phytophthora infestans Mont. De Bary, on Potato Leaves in the Toluca Valley, México. Am. J. Pot Res 85, 101–109 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-008-9004-8

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