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Diversification Times and Biogeographic Patterns in Apiales

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Abstract

This study provides an overview of the historical biogeography of the major clades of Apiales based on extensive taxon sampling from all major lineages of the order, and character sampling of sequence data from the plastid rpl16 intron and trnD-trnY-trnE-trnT intergenic spacers. Divergence times were estimated in BEAST using relaxed molecular clocks and six calibration points from three families. Biogeographic reconstructions were estimated in DIVA and Lagrange using stratified and non-stratified models, addressing alternative scenarios for taxa with conflicting or poorly supported placements. Our analyses in BEAST estimated the origin of Apiales to Australasia in the Early Cretaceous (c.117 Ma). Most major clades also appear to have originated in Australasia, with the youngest family (Apiaceae) originating in the Late Cretaceous, c. 87 Ma. Diversification of the early lineages appears to be influenced by vicariance events related to the break up of Africa and Australasia (Torricelliaceae from Griseliniaceae and Apiineae), Australasia from Zealandia (e.g., Myodocarpaceae and Araliaceae), and Antarctica from South America, Australia, and possibly Africa (main lineages of Apiaceae). Long-distance dispersal appears as the likely explanation for many younger lineages within major clades, including Subantarctic pathways (e.g., Griseliniaceae and Azorelloideae), across the Pacific and Indian Ocean Basins (e.g., Pittosporaceae and Araliaceae), from Asia across Europe into the Americas (Araliaceae).

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the following people and institutions for providing assistance in obtaining plant samples: P. P. Lowry II, G. T. Chandler, P. Goldblatt, P. B. Phillipson, †L. Constance, J.-P. Reduron, J. Wen, R. J. Bayer, C. Gemmill, A. D. Mitchell, B.-E. van Wyk, P. M. Tilney, A. R. Magee, P. C. Zietsman, Q.-Y. Xiang, G. E. Schatz, D. A. Neill, W. Takeuchi, G. Keppel, B. Gray, R. Jensen, L. W. Cayzer, I. R. H. Telford, L. Hufford, M. E. Mort, D. M. E. Ware, P. Fiaschi, D. Lorence, D. K. Harder, M. O. Dillon, L. A. Johnson, and the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (P), United States National Herbarium (US), University of Waikato (WAIK), Australian National Herbarium (CANB), Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (K), New York Botanical Garden (NY), Huntington Botanical Garden (HNT), National Tropical Botanical Garden (PTBG), University of California Botanical Garden (UC), Bloemfontein Museum (BLFU), Parc Zoologique et Botanique de la Ville de Mulhouse, Bogor Botanical Garden, South Pacfic Regional Herbarium (SUVA), Universidade de São Paulo (SPF), CSIRO-Atherton, and Washington State University (WS). Assistance was also provided by the Integrated Life Sciences Program of Virginia Commonwealth University. Support for field and laboratory work was provided by the National Science Foundation (DEB 0949819 and 0613728/0943958) and the National Geographic Society (CRE 8355–07).

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  1. Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA

    Antoine N. Nicolas & Gregory M. Plunkett

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  1. Antoine N. Nicolas
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  2. Gregory M. Plunkett
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Correspondence to Antoine N. Nicolas.

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Appendix S1

Treefile output from BEAST analysis. The FigTree computer program can be used to display the chronogram posterior probabilities, median ages, error bars, age ranges, and other data associated with the BEAST output. FigTree is a free program available for download at http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/. (TXT 229 kb)

Appendix S2

Output file resulting from the Lagrange analyses under three different models of dispersal. The file includes the geographic area(s) next to each terminal and all possibilities of biogeographic splits at each node (with relative probabilities). (TXT 146 kb)

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Nicolas, A.N., Plunkett, G.M. Diversification Times and Biogeographic Patterns in Apiales. Bot. Rev. 80, 30–58 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-014-9132-4

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