Zusammenfassung
Das neue Manual zur Indikation und Durchführung der Echokardiographie bezieht sich primär auf die transthorakale Echokardiographie. Die Durchführung der standardisierten Dokumentation in der transthorakalen Echokardiographie erfordert mehrere Bildsequenzen und Messungen, die in Abbildungen einschließlich eines Befundschemas illustriert werden. Die erweiterten Dokumentationen der transthorakalen Echokardiographie werden im Hinblick auf pathologische kardiale Veränderungen im Speziellen vorgestellt. Dazu gehören Veränderungen der linksventrikulären Wanddicke, die globale sowie regionale Reduktion der linksventrikulären Funktion, die diastolische Dysfunktion bei normaler linksventrikulärer systolischer Funktion, die Druck- und Volumenbelastung des rechten Ventrikels sowie die Reduktion der rechtsventrikulären Funktion und pathologische Veränderungen an den Herzklappen. In speziellen Abschnitten wird die Echokardiographie bei Aortenklappenstenose und -insuffizienz, bei Mitralklappenstenose und -insuffizienz, bei Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienz sowie bei weiteren seltenen Vitien und bei der Endokarditis vorgestellt. Das Manual endet mit Abschnitten zu echokardiographischen Zusatzuntersuchungen, der Befundung und dem Einsatz der Echokardiographie im Notfall.
Abstract
The new manual on indications for and performance of echocardiography focuses primarily on the transthoracic echocardiographic approach. The performance of a standardized documentation in transthoracic echocardiography includes the acquisition of several cineloops and Doppler spectra with consecutive measurements illustrated by figures and a scheme of an echocardiographic report. The extended documentation in transthoracic echocardiography is presented with respect to specific pathological alterations of the heart. This includes alterations of the left ventricular wall thickness, the global and regional reduction of left ventricular function, diastolic dysfunction with normal left ventricular systolic function, pressure and volume overload of the right ventricle and the reduction of right ventricular function and pathological alterations of the heart valves. Echocardiography performed in the presence of aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation, tricuspid valve regurgitation as well as less common heart valve diseases and endocarditis is presented in special sections. The manual ends with sections describing additional echocardiographic modalities, the reporting and the use of emergency echocardiography.
Abbreviations
- 2‑D:
-
Zweidimensional
- 3‑D:
-
Dreidimensional/multidimensional
- 4KB:
-
4‑Kammer-Blick
- 5KB:
-
5‑Kammer-Blick
- A:
-
Blutflussgeschwindigkeit während des späten diastolischen Einstroms
- A1:
-
Medialer Anteil des vorderen Mitralsegels
- A2:
-
Mittlerer Anteil des vorderen Mitralsegels
- A3:
-
Lateraler Anteil des vorderen Mitralsegels
- AG05:
-
Arbeitsgruppe „Kardiovaskulärer Ultraschall“
- AI:
-
Aortenklappeninsuffizienz
- AS:
-
Aortenklappenstenose
- ASD:
-
Vorhofseptumdefekt
- AV:
-
Aortenklappe
- AVAeff :
-
Effektive Klappenöffnungsfläche der Aortenklappe
- AVAgeom :
-
Geometrische Klappenöffnungsfläche der Aortenklappe
- BSA:
-
„Body surface area“
- CI:
-
„Cardiac index“
- CO:
-
„Cardiac output“
- CSA:
-
„Cross sectional area“
- CSALVOT :
-
Querschnittsfläche des linksventrikulären Ausflusstraktes
- CT:
-
Computertomographie
- CW:
-
„Continuous wave“
- DLVOT :
-
Durchmesser des LVOT
- DRVOT :
-
Durchmesser des RVOT
- DCM:
-
Dilatative Kardiomyopathie
- DEGUM:
-
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin
- DGK:
-
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie
- dPAP:
-
Diastolischer pulmonalarterieller Druck
- DT:
-
Dezelerationszeit der frühen transmitralen Blutflussgeschwindigkeit
- E:
-
Blutflussgeschwindigkeit während des frühen diastolischen Einstroms
- e’:
-
Geschwindigkeit der basalen Myokardgeschwindigkeit während des frühen diastolischen Einstroms
- EACVI:
-
European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging
- EROA:
-
Effektive Regurgitationsöffnung
- gLPSS:
-
Globaler longitudinaler maximaler systolischer Strain
- HCM:
-
Hypertrophe Kardiomyopathie
- HFmrEF:
-
„Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction“
- HFpEF:
-
„Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction“
- HFrEF:
-
„Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction“
- IVS:
-
Wanddicke des interventrikulären Septums
- LA:
-
Linksatrial
- LAD:
-
Ramus interventricularis anterior
- LAVI:
-
Maximales linksatriales Volumen
- LV:
-
Linker Ventrikel (Abbildungen)
- LV:
-
Linksventrikulär (Text)
- LVDD:
-
Linksventrikuläre diastolische Dysfunktion
- LVEDD:
-
Linksventrikulärer enddiastolischer Durchmesser
- LVEDP:
-
Linksventrikulärer enddiastolischer Druck
- LVEDV:
-
Linksventrikuläres enddiastolisches Volumen
- LVEF:
-
Linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion
- LVESV:
-
Linksventrikuläres endsystolisches Volumen
- LVIT:
-
Linksventrikulärer Einflusstrakt
- LVOT:
-
Linksventrikulärer Ausflusstrakt
- LVRI:
-
Linksventrikulärer Remodeling-Index
- LVSVeff :
-
Effektives linksventrikuläres Schlagvolumen
- LVSVtot :
-
Totales linksventrikuläres Schlagvolumen
- MAPSE:
-
„Mitral anular plane systolic excursion“
- M‑Mode:
-
Motion-Mode
- MI:
-
Mitralklappeninsuffizienz
- mPAP:
-
Mittlerer pulmonalarterieller Druck
- MRT:
-
Magnetresonanztomographie
- MV:
-
Mitralklappe
- MVAeff :
-
Effektive Klappenöffnungsfläche der Mitralklappe
- MVAgeom :
-
Geometrische Klappenöffnungsfläche der Mitralklappe
- P1:
-
Mediales Scallop des hinteren Mitralsegels
- P2:
-
Mittleres Scallop des hinteren Mitralsegels
- P3:
-
Laterales Scallop des hinteren Mitralsegels
- PGmeanAV:
-
Mittlerer Druckgradient an der Aortenklappe
- PGmeanMV:
-
Mittlerer Druckgradient an der Mitralklappe
- PGmeanTV:
-
Mittlerer Druckgradient an der Trikuspidalklappe
- PHT:
-
„Pressure half time“
- PISA:
-
„Peak isovelocity surface area“
- pLAX:
-
Parasternale Längsachse
- PV:
-
Pulmonalklappe
- PVR:
-
Pulmonalvaskulärer Widerstand
- PW:
-
„Pulsed wave“
- PWT:
-
Posteriore Wanddicke des linken Ventrikels
- RA:
-
Rechtsatrial
- RCA:
-
Rechte Koronararterie
- RCX:
-
Ramus circumflexus
- RF:
-
Regurgitationsfraktion
- rLPSS:
-
Regionaler longitudinaler maximaler systolischer Strain
- RV:
-
Rechter Ventrikel (Abbildungen)
- RV:
-
Rechtsventrikulär (Text)
- RVIT:
-
Rechtsventrikulärer Einflusstrakt
- RVOT:
-
Rechtsventrikulärer Ausflusstrakt
- RVSVeff :
-
Effektives rechtsventrikuläres Schlagvolumen
- RVSVtot :
-
Totales rechtsventrikuläres Schlagvolumen
- RWT:
-
Relative Wanddicke des linken Ventrikels
- SAM:
-
„Systolic anterior movement“
- ShVol:
-
Shuntvolumen
- sPAP:
-
Systolischer pulmonalarterieller Druck
- SVI:
-
Schlagvolumen-Index
- TAPSE:
-
„Tricuspid anular plane systolic excursion“
- TEE:
-
Transösophageale Echokardiographie
- TTE:
-
Transthorakale Echokardiographie
- TV:
-
Trikuspidalklappe
- VC:
-
Vena contracta
- VCW:
-
Vena-contracta-Weite
- VmaxAV:
-
Maximale Blutflussgeschwindigkeit durch die Aortenklappe
- VmaxLVOT:
-
Maximale Blutflussgeschwindigkeit im LVOT
- VSD:
-
Ventrikelseptumdefekt
- VTI:
-
Geschwindigkeits-Zeitintegral
- VTILVOT :
-
Geschwindigkeits-Zeitintegral des LVOT-Flusses
- VTIMV :
-
Geschwindigkeits-Zeitintegral des transmitralen Vorwärts-Flusses
- VTIRVOT :
-
Geschwindigkeits-Zeitintegral des RVOT-Flusses
- ZVD:
-
Zentraler Venendruck
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Hagendorff, A., Fehske, W., Flachskampf, F.A. et al. Manual zur Indikation und Durchführung der Echokardiographie – Update 2020 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie. Kardiologe 14, 396–431 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12181-020-00402-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12181-020-00402-3
Schlüsselwörter
- Transthorakale Echokardiographie
- Standardisierte TTE-Dokumentation
- Herzinsuffizienz
- Kardiomyopathien
- Herzklappenerkrankungen