Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the blood level of cadmium and the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. Forty-one (41) case patients with ectopic pregnancy and 41 uncomplicated intrauterine pregnant patients as controls were recruited. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd) were measured from blood samples using atomic absorption spectrometry. The cases and controls were similar in age, body mass index, and smoking habits. The median blood level of Cd was 0.32 μg/l (interquartile range [IQR] 0.00–0.71) in the women with ectopic pregnancies and 0.34 μg/l (IQR 0.09–0.59) in the controls. There was no significant association between blood cadmium levels and ectopic pregnancy.
References
Mandra M, Horne AW (2014) Ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Reprod 24:7
Creanga AA, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Bish CL, Zane S, Berg CJ, Callafhan WM (2011) Trends in ectopic pregnancy mortality in the United States:1980–2007. Obstet Gynecol 117:837–843
Karaer A, Avsar FA, Batioglu S (2006) Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study. ANZJOG 46:521–527
Karaer A, Mert I, Cavkaytar S, Batioglu S (2013) Serological investigation of the role of selected sexually transmitted infections in the aetiology of ectopic pregnancy. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 18:68–74
Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, Pouly JL, Fernandez H, Gerbaud L, Job-Spira N (2003) Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis on a large case-control study, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 157:185–194
Horne AW, Brown JK, Nio-Kobayashi J, Abidin HBZ, Adin ZEHA, Boswell L, Burgess S, Lee KF, Duncan WC (2014) The association between smoking and ectopic pregnancy: why nicotine is bad for your fallopian tube. PLoS One 9:89400
Talbot P, Riveles K (2005) Smoking and reproduction: the oviducts as a target of cigarette smoke. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:52
Jarup L, Akesson A (2009) Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238:201–208
Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, Haswell-Elkins M, Reilly PE, Williams DJ et al (2003) A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol Lett 137:65–83
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metals toxicity and environment. EXS 101:133–164
Gonzales-Reimers E, Martin-Gonzalez C, Galindo-Martin L, Aleman-Valls MR, Velasco-Vazquez J, Arnay-de-la-Rosa M et al (2014) Lead, cadmium and zinc in hair samples: relationship with dietary habits and urban environment. Biol Trace Elem Res 157(3):205–210
Thompson J, Bannigan J (2008) Cadmium toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod Toxicol 25:304–315
Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vanter M (1998) Health effects of cadmium exposure: a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:1–51
Shaw JLV, Dey SK, Critchley HOD, Horne AW (2010) Current knowledge of the aetiology of human tubal ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 16:432–444
Haki K, Kadir S, Yaflar A (2003) Effects of cadmium on uterine contractions in different species in vitro. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 27:529–534
Niwa A, Suzuki A (1982) Effects of cadmium on the tension of isolated rat aorta: a possible mechanism for cadmium induced hypertension. J Toxicol Sci 7:51–60
Sivalingam VN, Duncan WC, Kirk E, Shephard LA, Horne AW (2011) Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 37:231–240
Matusiewicz H (2003) Wet digestion methods. In: Mester Z, Sturgeon R (eds) Comprehensive analytical chemistry. Volume 41: sample preparation for trace element analysis. Elsevier, Netherlands, pp 193–233
Kebbekulus BB (2003) Preparation of samples for metals analysis. In: Mitra S (ed) Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry. Wiley Interscience, Canada, pp 227–270
Sharma T, Dev Banerjee B, Yadav CS, Gupta P, Sharma A (2014) Heavy metal levels in adolescent and maternal blood: association with risk of hypospadias. ISRN Pediatr 4:714234
Borgerding M, Klus H (2005) Analysis of complex mixtures: cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicol Pathol 57:43–73
Berglund M, Lindberg AL, Rahman M et al (2011) Gender and age differences in mixed metal exposure and urinary excretion. Environ Res 111(8):1271–1279
Nishijo M, Satarug S, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Aoshima K (2004) The gender differences in health effects of environmental cadmium exposure and potential mechanisms. Mol Cell Biochem 255(1–2):87–92
Demirezen D, Aksoy A (2006) Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni, and exceeded for Cd and Pb. J Food Quality 29:252–265
Güçer Ş, Demir M, Karagözler AE, Karakaplan M (1992) Atmospheric distribution of some trace metals in Malatya. Industrial Air Pollution 31:195–201
Ozmen H, Kulahci F, Cukurovali A, Dogru M (2004) Concentrations of heavy metal and radioactivity in surface water and sediment of Hazar Lake, Elazığ, Turkey. Chemosphere 55:401–408
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2017) Priority list of hazardous substances. Available from : www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl
Takiguchi M, Yoshihara S (2006) New aspects of cadmium as endocrine disruptor. Environ Sci 13(2):107–116
Piasek M, Laskey JW (1999) Effect of in vitro cadmium exposure on ovarian steroidogenesis in rats. J Appl Toxicol 19:211–217
Zenzes NT, Krishnan S, Krishnan B, Zhang H, Casper RF (1995) Cadmium accumulation in follicular fluid of women in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer is higher in smokers. Fertility Sterility 64:559–603
Varga B, Zsolnai B, Paksy K, Nuray M, Ungvary G (1993) Age dependent accumulation of cadmium in the human ovary. Reprod Toxicol 7:225–228
Vrsanska S, Nagyova E, Mlynarcikova A, Fickova M, Kolena J (2003) Components of cigarette smoke inhibit expansion of oocyte-cumulus complexes from porcine follicles. Physiol Res 52:383–387
Paksy K, Varga B, Náray M, Olajos F, Folly G (1992) Altered ovarian progesterone secretion induced by cadmium fails to interfere with embryo transport in the oviduct of the rat. Reprod Toxicol 6:77–83
Willers S, Shütz A, Attewell R, Skerfving S (1988) Relation between lead and cadmium in blood and the involuntary smoking of children. Scan J Work Environ Health 14:385–389
Judith S, Alex M, Ruth A, Joseph R (1996) Biological monitoring of exposure to cadmium, a human carcinogen, as a result of active and passive smoking. J Occupat Envir Med 38:1220–1227
Shaham J, Green M, Ribak J (1992) Passive smoking: clinical aspects and workers’ awareness. Harefuah 123:53–57
Funding
This work was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Inonu University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karaer, A., Tuncay, G., Tanrikut, E. et al. Blood Cadmium Concentrations in Women with Ectopic Pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res 184, 42–46 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1179-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1179-8