Abstract
The feasibility of utilization of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and Class-C fly ash (CFA) to prepare CFA-based geopolymer were studied. The results showed that geopolymer made from 90% CFA and 10% FGD gypsum (FGDG) which was thermally treated at 800 °C for 1 h obtained the better compressive strength of 37.0 MPa. The micro characteristics and structures of the geopolymer samples of CFA and CFA-FGDG were tested by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDXA after these samples cured at 75 °C for 8 h followed by 23 °C for 28 d. Both the geopolymer samples of CFA and CFA-FGDG have significant asymmetric stretching of Al-O/Si-O bonds and Si-O-Si / Si-O-Al bending band. In geopolymer sample of CFA-FGDG, a small quantity of lathy products probably being the ettringite wrapped over the spherical fly ash particle, and the concentration of sulfur is much more than that in geopolymer sample of CFA. It is indicated that FGD gypsum may react during alkali-activated and geopolymeric process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J Davidovits. Geopolymer Chemistry and Application[M]. Saint-Quentin: Geopolymer Institute, 2008
A R Brough, A Katz, T Bakharev, et al. Microstructural Aspects of Zeolite Formation in Alkali Activated Cements Containing High Levels of Fly Ash[C]. Ceramic Transactions-Cement-Based Materials: Present, Future, and Environmental Aspects, Westerville, 1993
American Coal Ash Association. Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production & Use Survey Results (Revised) [DB/OL]. http://www.acaa-usa.org/associations/8003/files/2007_ACAA_CCP_Survey_Report_Form%2809-15-08%29.pdf, Site Verified, January 20, 2009
J W Shi, S H Chen, S M Wang, et al. Progress of Modification and Application of Coal Fly Ash in Water Treatment[J]. Chin. J. Chem. Ind. Eng. Process, 2008, 27(3): 326–334
J Wang, H Ban, X Teng, et al. Impact of pH and Ammonia on the Leaching of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from Coal Fly Ash[J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 64(1):1 892–1 898
C Xia, X He, Y Li, et al. Comparative Sorption Studies of Toxic-Cresol on Fly Ash and Impregnated Fly Ash[J]. Technol. Equip. Environ. Pollut. Control, 2000, 1(2):82–86
H Xu, J S J Van Deventer. The Geopolymerisation of Alumino-Silicate Minerals[J]. Int. J. Miner. Proc., 2000, 59(3): 247–266
A Palomo, M W Grutzeck, M T Blanco. Alkali-Activated Fly Ashes-A Cement for the Future[J]. Cem. Concr. Res., 1999, 29(8):1 323–1 329
J C Swanepoel, C A Strydom. Utilisation of Fly Ash in a Geopolymeric Material[J]. Appl. Geochem., 2002, 17,(8):1 143–1 148
A Fernandez-Jimenez, A Palomo. Composition and Microstructure of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Binder: Effect of the Activator[J]. Cem. Concr. Res., 2005, 35(10):1 984–1 922
G Kovalchuk, A Fernandez-Jimenez, A Palomo. Alkali-Activated Fly Ash: Effect of Thermal Curing Conditions on Mechanical and Microstructural Development-Part II [J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(3):315–322
X L Guo, H S Shi, W A Dick. Compressive Strength and Microstructural Characteristics of Class C Fly Ash Geopolymer[J]. Cem. Concr. Comp., 2010, 32(2): 142–147
K Dontsova, Y B Lee, B K Slater, et al. Gypsum for Agricultural Use in Ohio-Sources and Quality of Available Products [DB/OL]. http://ohioline.osu.edu/anr-fact/0020.html, 2005
R K Srivastava, W Jozewicz. Flue Gas Desulfurization: The State of the Art [J]. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 2001,51(12):1 676–1 688
American Coal Ash Association. ACAA 2006 CCP Survey Results [DB/OL]. http://acaa.affiniscape.com/associations/8003/files/2006_CCP_Survey_(Final-8-24-07).pdf, 2008
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Agricultural Uses for Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Gypsum, EPA530-F-08-009 [DB/OL]. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/c2p2/pubs/fgdfs.pdf, 2008
X L Guo, H S Shi. Thermal Treatment and Utilization of Flue Gas Desulphurization Gypsum as an Admixture in Cement and Concrete[J]. Constr. Build. Mater., 2008, 22(7):1 471–1 476
X L Guo, H S Shi, H Y Liu. Effects of a Combined Admixture of Slag Powder and Thermally Treated Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Gypsum on the Compressive Strength and Durability of Concrete[J]. Mater. Struct., 2009, 42(2):263–270
D Khale, R Chaudhary. Mechanism of Geopolymerization and Factors Influencing Its Development: a Review[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2007, 42(3):729–746
H Xu, J S J Van Deventer. Geopolymerisation of Multiple Minerals[J]. Miner. Eng., 2002, 15(12):1 131–1 139
J J Brooks. Prediction of Setting Time of Fly Ash Concrete[J]. ACI Mater. J., 2002, 99(6): 591–597
F Puertas, S Martinez-Ramirez, S Alonso, et al. Alkali-Activated Fly Ash/Slag Cements Strength Behaviour and Hydration Products[J]. Cem. Concr. Res., 2000, 30(10):1 625–1 632
K Wang, S P Shah, A Mishulovich. Effects of Curing Temperature and NaOH Addition on Hydration and Strength Development of Clinker-Free CKD-Fly Ash Binders[J]. Cem. Concr. Res., 2004, 34(2):299–309
M Atkins, F P Glasser, J J Jack. Zeolite P in Cements: Its Potential for Immobilizing Toxic and Radioactive Waste Species[J]. Waste Manage., 1995, 15(2):127–135
J G S Van Jaarsveld, J S J Van Deventer, G C Lukey. The Effect of Composition and Temperature on the Properties of Fly Ash-and Kaolinite-Based Geopolymers[J]. Chem. Eng., 2002, 89(1–3): 63–73
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51208370, 51172164), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Nos.20110072120046, 20090072110010) of China
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, X., Shi, H. & Dick, W.A. Utilization of thermally treated flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and class-C Fly Ash (CFA) to prepare CFA-based geopolymer. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.-Mat. Sci. Edit. 28, 132–138 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-013-0654-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-013-0654-0