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Diagnostic imaging in the study of human hepatobiliary fascioliasis

Diagnostica per immagini nello studio della fascioliasi epatobiliare umana

  • Abdominal Radiology / Radiologia Addominale
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

Fascioliasis is a rare zoonotic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. We present the typical patterns of hepatobiliary fascioliasis observed in ten patients studied with multimodality imaging.

Materials and methods

Between 2002 and 2005, ten women with fascioliasis were admitted to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School (BWH), with abdominal pain and mild fever. All imaging modalities, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n = 2) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n = 1) were reviewed by two expert radiologists working in consensus.

Results

In all patients (10/10, 100%), US showed parenchymal heterogeneity characterised by multiple subcapsular and peribiliary hypoechoic nodular lesions that were ill-defined and coalesced into tubular or tortuous structures. In six patients (6/10, 60%), the lesions appeared hypoechoic, whereas in four patients (4/10, 40%), there was an alternation of hyperechoic and hypoechoic nodules. On CT, all patients (10/10, 100%) showed hypodense patchy lesions in subcapsular, peribiliary or periportal locations, which coalesced to form tubular structures and were more evident during the portal phase. Lesion diameter ranged from 2 cm to 7 cm. Capsular enhancement was seen in four cases on CT (4/10, 40%) and in one also at MR imaging. MR imaging, performed in two patients, confirmed the presence of the lesions, which appeared hyperintense on T2-weighted images and were characterised by mild peripheral enhancement after gadolinium administration. Four patients had gallbladder wall thickening (4/10, 40%), with parasites in the gallbladder lumen.

Conclusions

Although rare, hepatobiliary fascioliasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the appropriate clinical scenario, especially in patients coming from endemic areas. The typical imaging pattern of fascioliasis is the presence of subcapsular, peribiliary or periportal nodules that are usually ill-defined and coalesce, giving rise to a tubular or tortuous appearance.

Riassunto

Obiettivo

La fascioliasi è una rara malattia zoonotica, di cui a tutt’oggi sono stati descritti in letteratura solo pochi casi. Presentiamo i reperti tipici di questa rara affezione studiata con imaging multimodale in 10 pazienti.

Materiali e metodi

La nostra casistica comprende 10 pazienti di sesso femminile, ricoverate presso il Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School (BWH), tra il 2002 ed il 2005, con dolori addominali e febbricola, studiate retrospettivamente nel 2007. Tutte le pazienti sono state sottoposte ad esami ecografico e TC, due ad esame RM e colangio-RM (CPRM) ed una anche a CPRE. Le immagini sono state studiate retrospettivamente in consenso da due radiologi esperti, al fine di identificare le caratteristiche peculiari dell’infezione del fegato e delle vie biliari.

Risultati

In tutte le pazienti l’ecografia evidenziava ecostruttura epatica marcatamene disomogenea, caratterizzata dalla presenza di aree nodulari ipoecogene confluenti in cordoni tubulariformi, scarsamente definite, localizzate prevalentemente in sede sub-capsulare e peribiliare. La TC confermava in tutti i pazienti la presenza di numerose aree ipodense sub-capsulari, periportali o peribiliari, confluenti in cordoni tubulariformi, caratterizzate da contorni irregolari, ipodense, più cospicue durante la fase portale. Le lesioni risultavano essere multiple con diametro compreso tra 2 cm e 7 cm, con decorso tortuoso o aspetto serpiginoso. Un potenziamento contrastografico della capsula glissoniana è stato identificato in quattro pazienti alla TC ed in uno alla RM. Alla RM, disponibile in due soli pazienti, sono state confermate le aree di disomogeneità parenchimale con reperto di iperintensità nelle immagini T2-pesate e da lieve e periferico enhancement dopo somministrazione di gadolinio. Quattro pazienti presentavano colecisti con pareti ispessite, contenenti reperti compatibili con parassiti all’ecografia e confermati alla CPRE.

Conclusioni

La fascioliasi epato-biliare, seppur rara, dovrebbe essere messa in diagnosi differenziale, in presenza del corretto scenario clinico, soprattutto in pazienti provenienti da aree ad alta endemia. Gli aspetti di imaging tipici della fascioliasi epatobiliare sono costituiti da alterazioni nodulari disomogenee e confluenti in cordoni tubulariformi del parenchima epatico peri-portobiliare o sub-capsulari con decorso tortuoso o serpiginoso. È inoltre possibile la visualizzazione diretta del parassita in ecografia.

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Cantisani, V., Cantisani, C., Mortelé, K. et al. Diagnostic imaging in the study of human hepatobiliary fascioliasis. Radiol med 115, 83–92 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-009-0454-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-009-0454-y

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