Abstract
In situ chemical oxidations are known to remediate PAH contaminations in groundwater and soils. In this study, batch-scale oxidations aim to compare the PAC (polycyclic aromatic compound) degradation of three oxidation processes traditionally applied for soil treatment: permanganate, heat-activated persulfate (60 °C) and Fenton-like activated by magnetite, to results obtained with ferrates (FeVI). Widely studied for water treatments, ferrates are efficient on a wide range of pollutants with the advantage of producing nontoxic ferric sludge after reaction. However, fewer works focus on their action on soil, especially on semi-industrial grade ferrates (compatible with field application). Oxidations were carried out on sand spiked with dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) sampled in the groundwater of a former coking plant. Conventional 16 US-EPA PAHs and polar PACs were monitored, especially potential oxygenated by-products that can be more harmful than parent-PAHs. After seven reaction days, only the Fenton-like showed limited degradation. Highest efficiencies were obtained for heat-activated persulfate with no O-PAC ketones formed. Permanganate gave important degradation, but ketones were generated in large amount. The tested ferrates not only gave slightly lower yields due to their auto-decomposition but also induced O-PAC ketone production, suggesting a reactional pathway dominated by oxidoreductive electron transfer, rather than a radical one.
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Acknowledgements
We thank ARCELORMITTAL FRANCE for the assistance provided in the BIOXYVAL project, particularly for the provision of a site that allowed proper execution of the project’s work. We also thank the GISFI (French Scientific Interest Group – Industrial Wasteland) for materials and Mr. G. Bessaque from GeoResources for his help in designing/constructing useful equipment. Dr. Mustapha Abdelmoula from LCPME- UMR 7564 is acknowledged for performing the Mössbauer experiments and his expertise in Mössbauer spectroscopy, and both Jérôme Frayret from IPREM, UMR CNRS/UPPA 5254 and Jan Slunski from NanoIron are thanked for providing the ferrate powders and for their help in understanding the behaviour of this oxidant. The anonymous reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments to improve the paper’s quality.
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This study was funded by the French Environmental Agency (ADEME) and the French National Association for Research and Technology (ANRT). The funding sources had no other involvement in this study.
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Highlights
• KMnO4, activated Na2S2O8, Fenton-like and ferrateVI were used for DNAPL degradation
• Activated Na2S2O8 gave higher degradation, generated no O-PACs but lowered the pH
• KMnO4 gave very good abatement, except for O-PAC furans, and formed many ketones
• Despite auto-degradation, Ferrates showed good efficiency, but generated ketones
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Johansson, C., Bataillard, P., Biache, C. et al. FerrateVI oxidation of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs and polar PACs) on DNAPL-spiked sand: degradation efficiency and oxygenated by-product formation compared to conventional oxidants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 704–716 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06841-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06841-0