Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Risks factors associated with subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes in Pakistan

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
Tropical Animal Health and Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was carried to ascertain the association of various risk factors of mastitis in water buffaloes. The milk samples from buffaloes were collected and screened through California Mastitis Test for the presence of mastitis. In the present study, 15.2 % prevalence of subclinical mastitis was recorded both at the government (13.4 %) and private farms (15.5 %). The chi-square analysis showed significantly higher involvement of the right rear and front quarters. The analysis of variance technique showed significant difference in live body weight, milk yield, teat end to floor distance (P < 0.001), udder depth, teat length, and teat diameter in mastitic and healthy buffaloes. The frequency analysis also revealed significant difference between various groups including lactation stage, teat and/or udder pathology, teat shape, and udder shape (P < 0.001). The logistic regression analysis revealed significant positive association of mastitis with milk leakage, live body weight, milk yield, parity, calf suckling, pendulous udder, number of attendants at the farm, dirty hind legs, and udder depth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bachaya, H.A., Raza, M.A., Murtaz, S., Akbar, I.U.R., 2011. Subclinical bovine mastitis in Muzaffar Garh district of Punjab (Pakistan), Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 21, 16–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Beheshti, R., Jalal, S., Behard, E., Jamshid, G.G., Naser, M.S., 2010. Prevalence and etiology of subclinical mastitis in ewes of Tabriz Region, Iran, Global Veterinaria, 4, 299–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhutto, A.L., Murray, R.D., Woldehiwet, Z., 2010. Udder shape and teat-end lesions as potential risk factors for high somatic cell counts and intra-mammary infections in dairy cows, The Veterinary Journal, 183, 63–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breen, J.E., Bradley, A.J., Green, M.J., 2009. Quarter and cow risk factors associated with a somatic cell count greater than 199,000 cells per milliliter in United Kingdom dairy cows, Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 3106–3115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlen, E., Strandberg, E., Roth, A., 2004. Genetic Parameters for Clinical Mastitis, Somatic Cell Score, and Production in the First Three Lactations of Swedish Holstein Cows, Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 3062–3070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chand, P., Behra, G.D., Chand, P., 1995. Factors influencing occurrence of mastitis, genetic and environmental factors, Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 48, 271–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrystal, M.A., Seykora, A.J., Hansen, L B., Freeman, A.E., Kelley D.H., Healey, M.H., 2001. Heritability of teat-end shape and the relationship of teat-end shape with somatic cell score for an experimental herd of cows, Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 2549–2554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compton, C.W., Heuer, C., Parker, K., McDougall, S., 2007. Risk factors for peripartum mastitis in pasture-grazed dairy heifers, Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 4171–4180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Graaf, T., Dwinger, R.H., 1996. Estimation of milk production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Costa Rica, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 26, 215–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, D.M., Kerr, D.E., Wall, R.J., 2005. Engineering disease resistant cattle, Transgenic Research, 14, 563–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fregonesi, J.A., Leaver, J.D., 2001. Behaviour, performance and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in straw yard or cubicle systems, Livestock Production Science, 68, 205–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson, D.E., Meaney, W.J., Ocallagham, E.J., 2004. Effect of teat hyperkeratosis on somatic cell counts of dairy cows, International Journal of Applied Research Veterinary Medicine, 2, 115–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, R., Khan, A., Javed, M.T., Rizvi, F., 2012b. Possible risk factors associated with mastitis in indigenous cattle in Punjab, Pakistan, Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 32, 605–608

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, R., Javed, M.T., Khan, A., 2012a. Changes in some biochemical parameters and somatic cell counts in the milk of buffalo and cattle suffering from mastitis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 32, 418–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamil, H., Samad, H.A., Rehman, N., Qureshi, Z.I., Lodhi, L.A., 2011. Effect of somatic cell types and culture medium on in vitro maturation, fertilization and early development capability of buffalo oocytes, Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31, 105–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javed, M.T., Latif, S.A., Farooq, A.F., Akhtar, M., Gabriel, A.C., Wasiq, M., Monica, C., 2010. Association of some of the possible risk factors with tuberculosis in water buffalo around two cities of Punjab Pakistan, Acta Tropica, 115, 242–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karahan, M., Acik, M.N., Cetinkaya, B., 2011. Investigation of virulence genes by PCR in Staphylococcus aureus isolates originated from subclinical bovine mastitis in Turkey, Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31, 249–253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, A., Saleemi, M.K., Khan, M.Z., Gul, S.T., Irfan, M. and Qamar, M.S., 2011. Hemorrhagic septicemia in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves under sub-tropical conditions in Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 43, 295–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, I.A., Khan, A., Hussain, A., Riaz, A., Aziz, A., 2011. Hemato-biochemical alterations in cross bred cattle affected with bovine theileriosis in semi arid zone, Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31, 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivaria, F.M., Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M., Msami, H.M., 2007. Risk factors associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis in small holder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania, The Veterinary Journal, 173, 623–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaas, I.C., Enevoldsen, C., Vaarst, M., Houe, H., 2004. Systematic Clinical Examinations for Identification of Latent Udder Health Types in Danish Dairy Herds, Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 1217–1228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmi, K.K., Rajesh, K., Satheesh K. S.K., Sundar, N.S. 2009. Buffalo mastitis - risk factors. Buffalo Bulletin, 3, 135–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Mungube, E.O., Tenhagen, B.A., Regassa, F., Kyule, M.N., Shiferaw, Y., Kassa, T., Baumann, M.P.O., 2005. Reduced Milk Production in Udder Quarters with Subclinical Mastitis and Associated Economic Losses in Crossbred Dairy Cows in Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 37, 1573–7438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naiknaware, H.S., Shelke, D.D., Bhalerao, D.P., Keskar, D.V., Jagadesh, Sharma, S.L.K., 1998. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes in and around Mumbay, Indian Veterinary Journal, 75, 291–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazifi S, Haghkhah, M., Asadi, Z., Ansari-Lari, M., Tabandeh, M.R., Esmailnezhad, Z., Aghamiri, M., 2011. Evaluation of sialic acid and acute phase proteins (Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) in clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 31, 55–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyman, A-K., Ekman, T., Emanuelson, U., Gustafsson, A.H., Holtenius, K., Waller, K.P., Sandgren, C.H., 2007. Risk factors associated with the incidence of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy herds with a high milk yield and a low prevalence of subclinical mastitis, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 78, 142–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyman, A-K., Emanuelson, U., Gustafsson, A.H., Waller, K.P., 2009. Management practices associated with udder health of first-parity dairy cows in early lactation, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 88, 138–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, K.I., Compton, C., Anniss, F.M., Weir, A., Heuer C., McDougall, S., 2007. Subclinical and clinical mastitis in heifers following the use of a teat sealant pre-calving, Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 207–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radostits, O.M., Gray, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., Constable, P.D., 2007. Mastitis. In: Veterinary Medicine. A text book of the disease of Cattle, Horse, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 10th ed. Spain: Sounder, pp. 673–749

  • Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C., Hincheliff, K.W., 2000. Mastitis. In: Veterinary Medicine: A text book of diseases of cattle, sheep, pig, goat and horses. 9th ed., London: W.B. Saunders, pp. 603–700

  • Rahman, H.J.U., Ahmad, N., Rahman, N.U., Waheed, S., Ahmad, M., Younis M., Ahmad, T., 2012. Effects of different levels of pigeon egg yolk in extenders on the post-thaw semen quality of Sahiwal bulls, Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 32, 315–318

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS, 2004. SAS Statistical Software Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA.

  • Schalm, O.W., Carol, E.J., Jain, N.C., 1971. Bovine Mastitis. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, pp. 128–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, S.K., Dixil, V.P., Thylial, D.C., Grang, S.K., Kumar, A., 1997. A note on the incidence of bovine mstitis in relation to teat shape, size and quarters affected. Indian Veterinary Journal, 74, 989–900

    Google Scholar 

  • Slettbakk, T., Jerstad, A., Farver, T.B., Holmes, J.C., 1995. Impact of milking characteristics and morphology of udder and teats on clinical mastitis in first and second lactation Norwegian cattle, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 24, 235–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steeneveld, W., Hogeveen, H., Barkema, H.W., Van Den Broek, J., R. Huirne, B.M., 2008. The Influence of Cow Factors on the Incidence of Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows, Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 1391–1402

  • Svensson, C., Nyman, A.K., Waller, K.P., Emanuelson, U., 2006. Effects of housing, management, and health of dairy heifers on first-lactation udder health in southwest Sweden, Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 1990–1999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thrustfield, M., 2007. Veterinary Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valde, J.P., Lawson, L.G., Lindberg, A., Agger, J.A., Saloniemi, H., Osteras, O., 2004. Cumulative risk of bovine mastitis treatments in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 45, 201–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Waage, S., Odegaard, S.A., Lund, A., Brattgjerd S., Rothe, T., 2001. Case–control study of risk factors for clinical mastitis in postpartum dairy heifers, Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 392–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The grant provided by Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan vide Project No. 20-979/R&D/07 entitled “Histomorphometery and molecular pathobiology of naturally occurring mastitis in buffaloes and cows” is highly acknowledged.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University College of Veterinary and Animal Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Riaz Hussain

  2. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Tariq Javed & Ahrar Khan

  3. Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Ghulam Muhammad

Authors
  1. Riaz Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Tariq Javed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahrar Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ghulam Muhammad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahrar Khan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hussain, R., Javed, M.T., Khan, A. et al. Risks factors associated with subclinical mastitis in water buffaloes in Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 45, 1723–1729 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0421-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0421-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation