Abstract
With increasing concerns over the possibility of tornadoes in highly populated areas in Canada, emergency managers are looking into ways to mitigate the impacts of tornadoes. Given that tornadoes can cause enormous destruction, early warnings and proper evacuation actions are critically important in helping save lives. In this paper, a survey was conducted to analyse the evacuation behaviour of households and drivers during a hypothetical tornado warning situation in the city of Calgary, Alberta. Nearly 500 Calgarians took part in the online survey and provided information on how they would respond to tornado warnings after receiving them. This paper presents the results of the survey. Using probit models, the factors influencing these evacuation decisions are identified and discussed in detail. The results of the household evacuation model show the importance of improving awareness about the safest locations during a tornado. It further highlights the need for targeting the population under the age of 30, who are more likely to take unsafe evacuation actions. The model for evacuation of drivers shows that several factors, such as knowing the difference between a watch and a warning, awareness of safe cover, receipt of warnings through natural environmental cues and the level of education, trigger evacuation actions in avoiding a tornado threat.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Calgary Emergency Management Agency (CEMA), particularly Director of CEMA and Fire Chief Bruce Burrell, in conducting this research, as well as that of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
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Durage, S.W., Kattan, L., Wirasinghe, S.C. et al. Evacuation behaviour of households and drivers during a tornado. Nat Hazards 71, 1495–1517 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0958-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0958-6