Abstract
PbS nanocubes with uniform size were generated conveniently in aqueous solution at 100 °C. The products were characterized by XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV–Vis–NIR, PL, DLS, Raman, and FT-IR techniques. The mean edge length of the nanocubes is 60 nm and is in high yield. UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectrum indicated that the sample exhibits a blue-shift from 3024 to 288 nm and PL spectrum also indicated that the sample exhibits a blue-shift from 3200 to 328 nm, compared with bulk PbS, respectively. Dark-field light scattering measurements showed that the nanocubes-scattered orange light have a broad absorption band around 610 nm. Such a special property demonstrates that the PbS nanocubes may find potential application in molecular imaging and in vivo cancer diagnosis and therapy. By investigating the intermediates of the reaction process, we observed the important coarse rod-like structures that formed by PbS particles attached to one another at the initial stage of reaction. Then the particle-joint structures decomposed and finally formed PbS nanocubes. Such a morphology evolution of PbS crystals could be summarized as “particle–rod–cube mechanism,” which might be model systems for understanding the growth process of other kinds of nanocubes and directing their synthesis.
Graphical Abstract
High-yield PbS nanocubes with an edge length of 60 nm were fabricated successfully in aqueous solution at 100 °C by the assistance of surfactant CTAB. It has been found that the reaction time, temperature, and CTAB play important roles in the formation of uniform PbS nanocubes. A possible growth mechanism called “particle–rod–cube” has been discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadi TS, Wang ZL, Green TC, Henglein A, El-Sayed MA (1996) Shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal platinum nanoparticles. Science 272(5270):1924–1926. doi:10.1126/science.272.5270.1924
Bakshi MS, Thakur P, Sachar S, Kaur G, Banipal TS, Possmayer F, Petersen NO (2007) Aqueous phase surfactant selective shape controlled synthesis of lead sulfide nanocrystals. J Phys Chem C 111(49):18087–18098. doi:10.1021/jp075477c
Bakshi MS, Kaur G, Possmayer F, Petersen NO (2008) Shape-controlled synthesis of poly(styrene sulfonate) and poly(vinylpyrolidone) capped lead sulfide nanocubes, bars, and threads. J Phys Chem C 112(13):4948–4953. doi:10.1021/jp711925b
Bao J, Xu D, Zhou XuZ (2002) An array of concentric composite nanostructure of metal nanowires encapsulated in zirconia nanotubes: preparation, characterization, and magnetic properties. Chem Mater 14(11):4709–4713. doi:10.1021/cm0201753
Bierman MJ, Lau YKA, Jin S (2007) Hyperbranched PbS and PbSe nanowires and the effect of hydrogen gas on their synthesis. Nano Lett 7(9):2907–2912. doi:10.1021/nl10714051
Brus LE (1984) Electron-electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: the size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state. J Chem Phys 80(9):4403–4407. doi:10.1063/1.447218
Burda C, Chen X, Narayanan R, El-Sayed MA (2005) Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Rev 105(4):1025–1102. doi:10.1021/cr030063a
Cao H, Wang G, Zhang S, Zhang X (2006) Growth and photoluminescence properties of PbS nanocubes. Nanotechnology 17(13):3280–3287. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/13/034
Caswell KK, Bender CM, Murphy CJ (2003) Seedless, surfactantless wet chemical synthesis of silver nanowires. Nano Lett 3(5):667–669. doi:10.1021/nl10341178
Chen S, Truax LA, Sommers JM (2000) Alkanethiolate-protected PbS nanoclusters: synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. Chem Mater 12(12):3864–3870. doi:10.1021/cm000653e
Chen HS, Wu SC, Huang MH (2014) Direct synthesis of size-tunable PbS nanocubes and octahedra and the pH effect on crystal shape control. Dalton Trans. doi:10.1039/c4dt03345k
Chow A, Toomre D, Garrett W, Mellman I (2002) Dendritic cell maturation triggers retrograde MHC class II transport from lysosomes to the plasma membrane. Nature 418:988–994. doi:10.1038/nature01006
Cölfen H, Mann S (2003) Higher-order organization by mesoscale self-assembly and transformation of hybrid nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Edn 42(21):2350–2365. doi:10.1002/anie.200200562
Colvin VL, Schlamp MC, Alivisatos AP (1994) Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Nature 370(6488):354–357. doi:10.1038/370354a0
Dhlamini MS, Terblans JJ, Ntwaeaborwa OM, Ngaruiya JM, Hillie KT, Botha JR, Swart HC (2008) Photoluminescence properties of powder and pulsed laser-deposited PbS nanoparticles in SiO2. J Lumin 128(12):1997–2003. doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.06.016
Ding B, Shi M, Chen F, Zhou R, Deng M, Wang M, Chen HJ (2009) Shape-controlled syntheses of PbS submicro-/nano-crystals via hydrothermal method. J Cryst Growth 311(6):1533–1538. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.01.086
Dong L, Chu Y, Zhuo Y, Zhang W (2009) Two-minute synthesis of PbS nanocubes with high yield and good dispersibility at room temperature. Nanotechnology 20(12):125301. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/12/125301
Duan X, Huang Y, Agarwal R, Lieber CM (2003) Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers. Nature 421:241–245. doi:10.1038/nature01353
El-Sayed IH, Huang X, El-Sayed MA (2005) Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer. Nano Lett 5(5):829–834. doi:10.1021/nl050074e
Gao MY, Yang Y, Yang B, Shen JJ (1995) Effect of the surface chemical modification on the optical properties of polymer-stabilized PbS nanoparticles. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 91(22):4121–4125. doi:10.1039/FT9959104121
Ge JP, Wang J, Zhang HX, Wang X, Peng Q, Li YD (2005) Orthogonal PbS nanowire arrays and networks and their Raman scattering behavior. Chem Eur J 11(6):1889–1894. doi:10.1002/chem.200400633
Ghosh M, Raychaudhuri AK (2008) Shape transition in ZnO nanostructures and its effect on blue-green photoluminescence. Nanotechnology 19(44):445704. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/44/445704
Glasser L, Jones F (2009) Systematic thermodynamics of hydration (and of solvation) of inorganic solids. Inorg Chem 48(4):1661–1665. doi:10.1021/ic802101g
Gou L, Murphy CJ (2003) Solution-phase synthesis of Cu2O nanocubes. Nano Lett 3(2):231–234. doi:10.1021/nl0258776
Han W, Kohler-Redlich P, Scheu C, Ernst F, Rühle M, Grobert N, Terrones M, Kroto HW, Walton DRM (2000) Carbon nanotubes as nanoreactors for boriding iron nanowires. Adv Mater 12(18):1356–1359. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200009)
Hou Y, Kondoh H, Ohta T (2009) PbS cubes with pyramidal pits: an example of etching growth. Cryst Growth Des 9(7):3119–3123. doi:10.1021/cg801013t
Hu J, Li L, Yang W, Manna L, Wang L, Alivisatos AP (2001) Linearly polarized emission from colloidal semiconductor quantum rod. Science 292(5524):2060–2063. doi:10.1126/science.1060810
Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA (2006) Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 128(6):2115–2120. doi:10.1021/ja057254a
Hulteen JC, Martin CR (1997) A general template-based method for preparation of nanomaterials. J Mater Chem 7:1075–1087. doi:10.1039/A700027H
Hunt JM, Wisherd MP, Bonham LC (1950) Infrared absorption spectra of minerals and other inorganic compounds. Anal Chem 22(12):1478–1497. doi:10.1021/ac60048a006
Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354:56–58. doi:10.1038/354056a0
Jana NR, Gearheart L, Murphy CJ (2001) Seed-mediated growth approach for shape-controlled synthesis of spheroidal and rod-like gold nanoparticles using a surfactant template. Adv Mater 13(18):1389–1393. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200109)13:18<1389:AID-ADMA1389>3.0.CO;2-F
Jun Y, Lee JH, Choi J, Cheon JJ (2005) Symmetry-controlled colloidal nanocrystals: nonhydrolytic chemical synthesis and shape determining parameters. J Phys Chem B 109(31):14795–14806. doi:10.1021/jp052257v
Kane RS, Cohen RE, Silbey R (1996) Theoretical study of the electronic structure of PbS nanoclusters. J Phys Chem 100(19):7928–7932. doi:10.1021/jp952869n
Klein DL, Roth R, Lim AKL, Alivisatos AP, McEuen PL (1997) A single-electron transistor made from a cadmium selenide nanocrystal. Nature 389:699–701. doi:10.1038/39535
Krauss TD, Wise FW (1997) Raman-scattering study of exciton-phonon coupling in PbS nanocrystals. Phys Rev B 55(15):9860–9865. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.55.9860
Krauss TD, Wise FW, Tanner DB (1996) Observation of coupled vibrational modes of a semiconductor nanocrystal. Phys Rev Lett 76(8):1376–1379. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1376
Lee SM, Jun YW, Cho SN, Cheon JJ (2002) Single-crystalline star-shaped nanocrystals and their evolution programming the geometry of nano-building blocks. Chem Soc 124(38):11244–11245. doi:10.1021/ja026805j
Lifshitz E, Bashouti M, Kloper V, Kigel A, Eisen MS, Berger S (2003) Synthesis and characterization of PbSe quantum wires, multipods, quantum rods, and cubes. Nano Lett 3(6):857–862. doi:10.1021/nl0342085
Lim WP, Zhang Z, Low HY, Chin WS (2004) Preparation of Ag2S nanocrystals of predictable shape and size. Angew Chem Int Edn 116(42):5803–5807. doi:10.1002/ange.200460566
Liu Q, Ni YH, Yin G, Hong J, Xu Z (2005) High yield synthesis of PbS nanocubes using one-step solid-state reaction in the presence of an anionic surfactant. Mater Chem Phys 89(2–3):379–382. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.09.017
Liu XM, Zhang XG, Fu SY (2006) Preparation of urchinlike NiO nanostructures and their electrochemical capacitive behaviors. Mater Res Bull 41(3):620–627. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.09.006
Loo C, Lowery A, Halas N, West J, Drezek R (2005) Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. Nano Lett 5(4):709–711. doi:10.1021/nl050127s
Ma YR, Qi LM, Ma JM, Cheng HM (2004) Hierarchical, star-shaped PbS crystals formed by a simple solution route. Cryst Growth Des 4(2):351–354. doi:10.1021/cg034174e
Machol JL, Wise FW, Patel R, Tanner DB (1994) Optical studies of IV–VI quantum dots. Physica A 207(1–3):427–434. doi:10.1016/0378-4371(94)90405-7
Manna L, Scher E, Kadavanich A, Alivisatos AP (2000) Synthesis of soluble and processable rod-, arrow-, teardrop-, and tetrapod-shaped CdSe nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 122(51):12700–12706. doi:10.1021/ja003055+
Mayers B, Gates B, Yin Y, Xia Y (2001) Large-scale synthesis of monodisperse nanorods of Se/Te alloys through a homogeneous nucleation and solution growth process. Adv Mater 13(18):1380–1384. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200109)
Mcdonald SA, Konstantatos G, Zhang S, Cyr PW, Klem EJD, Levina L, Sargent EH (2005) Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics. Nat Mater 4:138–142. doi:10.1038/nmat1299
Mirkin CA (2000) Programming the assembly of two- and three-dimensional architectures with DNA and nanoscale inorganic building blocks. Inorg Chem 39(11):2258–2272. doi:10.1021/ic991123r
Murray CB, Norris DJ, Bawendi MG (1993) Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J Am Chem Soc 115(19):8706–8715. doi:10.1021/ja00072a025
Nanda KK, Sahu SN (2001) One-dimensional quantum confinement in electrodeposited PbS nanocrystalline semiconductors. Adv Mater 13(4):280–283. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200102)
Navaneethan M, Nisha KD, Ponnusamy S, Muthamizhchelvan C (2009) Optical, structural and surface morphological studies of n-methylaniline capped lead sulphide nanoparticles. Rev Adv Mater Sci 21:217–224. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.125110
Nenadovice MT, Comor MI, Vasic V, Micic OI (1990) Transient bleaching of small lead sulfide colloids: influence of surface properties. J Phys Chem 94(16):6390–6396. doi:10.1021/j100379a044
Ni Y, Liu H, Wang F, Liang Y, Hong J, Ma X, Xu Z (2004) PbS crystals with clover-like structure: preparation, characterization, optical properties and influencing factors. Cryst Res Technol 39(3):200–206. doi:10.1002/crat.200310171
Pan ZW, Dai ZR, Wang ZL (2001) Nanobelts of semiconducting oxides. Science 291(5510):1947–1949. doi:10.1126/science.1058120
Parvathy NN, Pajonk GM, Rao AV (1997) Synthesis and study of quantum size effect, XRD and IR spectral properties of PbS nanocrystals doped in SiO2 xerogel matrix. J Cryst Growth 179(1–2):249–257. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(97)00105-X
Parvathy NN, Rao AV, Pajonk GM (1998) Effects of temperature and sol-gel parameters on PbS crystallite sizes and their spectral and physical properties in a porous silica matrix. J Non-Cryst Solids 241(2–3):79–80. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(98)00768-6
Patla I, Acharya S, Zeiri L, Israelachvili J, Efrima S, Golan Y (2007) Synthesis, two-dimensional assembly, and surface pressure-induced coalescence of ultranarrow PbS nanowires. Nano Lett 7(6):1459–1462. doi:10.1021/nl070001q
Puntes VF, Krishnan KM, Alivisatos AP (2001) Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: the case of cobalt. Science 291(5511):2115–2117. doi:10.1126/science.1058495
Qin AM, Fang YP, Zhao WX, Liu HQ (2005) Directionally dendritic growth of metal chalcogenide crystals via mild template-free solvothermal method. J Cryst Growth 283(1–2):230–241. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.05.056
Rao CNR, Vivekchand SRC, Biswas K, Govindaraj A (2007) Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Dalton Trans 34:3728–3749. doi:10.1039/B708342D
Reddy GB, Dutta V, Pandya DK, Chopra KL (1981) Solution grown PbS/CdS multilayer stacks as selective absorbers. Solar Energy Mater 5(2):187–197. doi:10.1016/0165-1633(81)90030-7
Singh K, McLachlan AA, Marangoni DG (2009) Effect of morphology and concentration on capping ability of surfactant in shape controlled synthesis of PbS nano- and micro-crystals. Colloids Surf A 345(1–3):82–87. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.04.033
Smith GD, Firth S, Clark RJH, Cardona M (2002) First-and second-order Raman spectra of galena (PbS). J Appl Phys 92(8):4375–4380. doi:10.1063/1.1505670
Sun Y, Xia Y (2002) Shape-controlled synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. Science 298(5601):2176–2179. doi:10.1126/science.1077229
Tanori J, Pileni MP (1997) Control of the shape of copper metallic particles by using a colloidal system as template. Langmuir 13(4):639–646. doi:10.1021/la9606097
Trindade T, O’Brien P, Zhang XM, Motevalli M (1997) Synthesis of PbS nanocrystallites using a novel single molecule precursors approach: X-ray single-crystal structure of Pb(S2CNEtPri)2. J Mater Chem 7:1011–1016. doi:10.1039/A608579B
Vaseem M, Umar A, Kim SH, Hahn YB (2008) Low-temperature synthesis of flower-shaped CuO nanostructures by solution process: formation mechanism and structural properties. J Phys Chem C 112(15):5729–5735. doi:10.1021/jp710358j
Wang ZL (2000) Transmission electron microscopy of shape-controlled nanocrystals and their assemblies. J Phys Chem B 104(6):1153–1175. doi:10.1021/jp993593c
Wang Y, Herron N (1991) Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters: materials synthesis, quantum size effects, and photophysical properties. J Phys Chem 95(2):525–532. doi:10.1021/j100155a009
Wang S, Yang S (2000) Preparation and characterization of oriented PbS crystalline nanorods in polymer films. Langmuir 16(2):389–397. doi:10.1021/la990780t
Wang SF, Gu F, Lü MK, Zhou GJ, Zhang AY (2006) Sonochemical synthesis of PbS nanocubes, nanorods and nanotubes. J Cryst Growth 289(2):621–625. doi:10.1016/jcrysgro.2005.11.100
Xia YN, Yang PD, Sun YG, Wu YY, Mayers B, Gates B, Yin YD, Kim F, Yan HQ (2003) One-dimensional nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Adv Mater 15(5):353–359. doi:10.1002/adma.200390087
Xiang JH, Cao HQ, Wu QZ, Zhang SC, Zhang XR (2008) l-Cysteine-assisted self-assembly of complex PbS structures. Cryst Growth Des 8(11):3935–3940. doi:10.1021/cg7007842
Xiao ZL, Han CY, Kwok WK, Wang HH, Welp U, Wang J, Crabtree GW (2004) Tuning the architecture of mesostructures by electrodeposition. J Am Chem Soc 126(8):2316–2317. doi:10.1021/ja0315154
Xiong Y, Xie Y, Li Z, Li X, Cao S (2004) Aqueous-solution growth of GaP and InP nanowires: a general route to phosphide, oxide, sulfide, and tungstate nanowires. J Chem Eur 10(3):654–660. doi:10.1002/chem.200305569
Xiong SL, Xi BJ, Xu DC, Wang CM, Feng XM, Zhou HY, Qian YT (2007) l-Cysteine-assisted tunable synthesis of PbS of various morphologies. J Phys Chem C 111(5):16761–16767. doi:10.1021/jp075096z
Ye S, Ye Y, Ni Y, Wu ZJ (2005) The preparation and photoluminescence of situ self-assembly 1D PbS nanocrystals. J Cryst Growth 284(1–2):172–175. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.07.011
Yguerabide J, Yguerabide EE (1998) Light-scattering submicroscopic particles as highly fluorescent analogs and their use as tracer labels in clinical and biological applications: 1. Theory. Anal Biochem 262(2):137–156. doi:10.1006/abio.1998.2759
Yu DS, Chen YJ, Li BJ, Chen XD (2009) Nanocubes of PbS with visible luminescence synthesized by sulfonated polymer as stabilizer and modifier at room-temperature. Mater Lett 63(27):2317–2320. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.07.063
Zach MP, Ng KH, Penner RM (2000) Molybdenum nanowires by electrodeposition. Science 290(5499):2120–2123. doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2120
Zhang L, Huang CZ, Li YF, Li Q (2009) Morphology control and structural characterization of Cu crystals: from twinned tabular crystals and single-crystalline nanoplates to multitwinned decahedra. Cryst Growth Des 9(7):3211–3217. doi:10.1021/cg801265y
Zhao NN, Qi LM (2006) Low-temperature synthesis of star-shaped PbS nanocrystals in aqueous solutions of mixed cationic/anionic surfactants. Adv Mater 18(3):359–362. doi:10.1002/adma.200501756
Zhao PT, Chen G, Hu Y, He XL, Wu K, Cheng Y, Huang KX (2007) Preparation of dentritic PbS nanostructures by ultrasonic method. J Cryst Growth 303(2):632–637. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.01.025
Zhao NN, Wei Y, Sun NJ, Chen Q, Bai JW, Zhou JP, Qin Y, Li MX, Qi LM (2008) Controlled synthesis of gold nanobelts and nanocombs in aqueous mixed surfactant solutions. Langmuir 24(3):991–998. doi:10.1021/la702848x
Zheng Y, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Bao F, Zhou L, Wei X, Zhang Y, Zheng Q (2006) Quasicubic α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with excellent catalytic performance. J Phys Chem B 110(7):3093–3097. doi:10.1021/jp056617q
Zhou SM, Feng YS, Zhang LD (2003) Sonochemical synthesis of large-scale single-crystal PbS nanorods. J Mater Res 18(5):1188–1191. doi:10.1557/JMR.2003.0163
Zhou G, Xiu LZ, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Wang S (2006) Controlled synthesis of high-quality PbS star-shaped dendrites, multipods, truncated nanocubes, and nanocubes and their shape evolution process. J Phys Chem B 110(13):6543–6548. doi:10.1021/jp0549881
Zuo F, Yan S, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Xie Y (2008) l-Cysteine-assisted synthesis of PbS nanocube-based pagoda-like hierarchical architectures. J Phys Chem C 112(8):2831–2835. doi:10.1021/jp0766149
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Chongqing Key Natural Science Foundation (cstc2012jjB50011) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Project Nos. XDJK2011C064, XDJK2010C009). We thank Prof. Shuyuan Zhang (University of Science and Technology of China), Prof. Dingfei Zhang (Chongqing University) for their assistances with HREM and FESEM characterization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
11051_2015_3169_MOESM1_ESM.doc
FESEM images of the samples obtained without CTAB, exceeded 8 h and at 25 °C. This material is available free of charge via the internet at http://www.springer.com. Supplementary material 1 (DOC 1697 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Y., Li, Q., Wu, H. et al. Aqueous-solution synthesis of uniform PbS nanocubes and their optical properties. J Nanopart Res 17, 362 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3169-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3169-0