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Bose-Einstein Condensation Measurements and Superflow in Condensed Helium

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Abstract

We review the formulation and measurement of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in liquid and solid helium. BEC is defined for a Bose gas and subsequently for interacting systems via the one-body density matrix (OBDM) valid for both uniform and non-uniform systems. The connection between the phase coherence created by BEC and superflow is made. Recent measurements show that the condensate fraction in liquid 4He drops from 7.25±0.75 % at saturated vapor pressure (p≈0) to 2.8±0.2 % at pressure p=24 bars near the solidification pressure (p=25.3 bar). Extrapolation to solid densities suggests a condensate fraction in the solid of 1 % or less, assuming a frozen liquid structure such as an amorphous solid. Measurements in the crystalline solid have not been able to detect a condensate with an upper limit set at n 0≤0.3 %. Opportunities to observe BEC directly in liquid 4He confined in porous media, where BEC is localized to patches by disorder, and in amorphous solid helium is discussed.

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Acknowledgements

It is a pleasure to acknowledge collaborations in the measurements reviewed here with R.T. Azuah, S.O. Diallo, N. Mulders, J. Bossy, O. Kirichek, J.W. Taylor and D.L. Abernathy. Support by the DOE, office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract ER46680 is gratefully acknowledged as is experimental time at the Spallation Neutron Source, USA, the ISIS Facility, UK, and the Institut Laue Langevin, France.

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  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2593, USA

    H. R. Glyde

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Glyde, H.R. Bose-Einstein Condensation Measurements and Superflow in Condensed Helium. J Low Temp Phys 172, 364–387 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-013-0855-0

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