Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Family Impact of Pain Scale: Preliminary Validation

  • Published:
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A new questionnaire, the Family Impact of Pain Scale (FIPS), was designed in order to assess the effects of chronic pain on the significant other and family of the chronic pain patient. The FIPS is a 10-item self-report questionnaire examining the effect of pain on domestic duties, social functioning and communication within the family. It was administered to 177 chronic pain patients in two different samples to investigate its psychometric properties. Internal reliability (α = .94) and test–retest reliability (r = 0.79) were high. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution, relating to physical limitations and difficulties with communication. Construct validity was confirmed by significant Pearson correlations with pain intensity, pain distress, mood and the use of pain coping skills (r = −0.22–0.74, all at p < .05). Outcome data also showed that the measure is sensitive to the effects of a cognitive behavioural pain management intervention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asghari, A., & Nicholas, M. K. (2001). Pain self-efficacy beliefs and pain behaviour: A prospective study. Pain, 94, 85–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.

  • Bland, M. J., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha. British Medical Journal, 314, 572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cano, A., Gillis, M., Heinz, W., Geisser, M., & Foran, H. (2004a). Marital functioning, chronic pain and psychological distress. Pain, 107, 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cano, A., Johansen, A. B., & Geisser, M. (2004b). Spousal congruence on disability, pain and spouse responses to pain. Pain, 109, 258–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  • Coughlan, G. M., Ridout, K. L., Williams, A. CdeC., & Richardson, P. H. (1995). Attrition from a pain management programme. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 471–479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cremeans-Smith, J. K., Parris Stephens, M. A., Franks, M. M., Martire, L. M., Druley, J. A., & Wojno, W. C. (2003). Spouses' and physicians' perceptions of pain severity in older women with osteoarthritis: Dyadic agreement and patients' well-being. Pain, 106, 27–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flor, H., Turk, D. C., & Rudy, T. (1987). Pain and families: II. Assessment and treatment. Pain, 30, 29–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, L., & Strong, J. (1996). The reliability and validity of a measure of perceived functional capacity for work in chronic back pain. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 6, 159–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, V. R., Williams, A. CdeC., Richardson, P. H., Nicholas, M. K., Jackson, J. L., Richardson, I. H., & Pither, C. E. (1994). The development of a battery of measures for assessing physical functioning of chronic pain patients. Pain, 58, 367–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haythornthwaite, J. A., Clark, M. R., Pappagallo, M., & Raja, S. N. (2003). Pain coping strategies play a role in the persistence of pain in post herpetic neuralgia. Pain, 106, 453–460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haythornthwaite, J. A., Menefee, L. A., Heinberg, L. J., & Clark, M. R. (1998). Pain coping strategies predict perceived control over pain. Pain, 77, 33–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hops, H., Biglan, A., Tolman, A., Arthur, J., Sherman, L., Warner, P., Romano, J., Turner, J., Friedman, L., Bulcroft, R., Holcomb, C., Oosternink, N., & Osteen, V. (1990). Living in Family Environments (LIFE) coding system (Rev. ed.). Eugene, OR: Oregon Research Institute.

  • Jensen, M. P. (2003). Questionnaire validation: A brief guide for readers of the research literature. Clinical Journal of Pain, 19, 345–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. P., Karoly, P., & Huger, R. (1986). The measurement of clinical pain intensity: A comparison of six methods. Pain, 27, 117–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, F. J., Caldwell, D. S., Baucom, D. H., Salley, A., Robinson, E., Timmons, K., Beaupre, P., Weisberg, J., & Kelms, M. (1996). Spouse-assisted coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain. Arthritis Care Research, 9, 279–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemler, M. A., & Furnee, C. A. (2002). The impact of chronic pain on life in the household. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 23, 433–441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, R. D., & Rosenberg, R. (1995). Pain-relevant responses from significant others: Development of a significant-other version of the WHYMPI scales. Pain, 61, 245–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, H. J., & Wallace, K. M. (1959). Short marital adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miaskowski, C., Zimmer, E. F., Barrett, K. M., Dibble, S. L., & Wallhagen, M. (1997). Differences in patients' and family caregivers' perceptions of the pain experience influence patient and caregiver outcomes. Pain, 72, 217–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, A., McManus, C., Feinmann, C., Glover, L., Harrison, S., & Pearce, S. (2001). The factor structure of the BDI in facial pain and other chronic pain patients: A comparison of two models using confirmatory factor analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 179–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R. H. (1986). Family environment scale, (2nd ed.) Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

  • Payne, B., & Norfleet, M. A. (1986). Chronic pain and the family: A review. Pain, 26, 1–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C. A. (1984). Preliminary validity study of The Pain Disability Index. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59, 974.

  • Riemsma, R. P., Taal, E., & Rasker, J. J. (2000). Perceptions about perceived functional disabilities and pain of people with rheumatoid arthritis: Differences between patients and their spouses and correlates with well-being. Arthritis Care and Research, 13, 255–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. P. (2001). Disability evaluation in painful conditions. In D. C. Turk & R. Melzack R (Eds.), Handbook of pain assessment, (2nd ed. pp. 248–272). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Romano, J. M., Turner, J. A., Friedman, L. S., Bulcroft, R. A., Jensen, M. P., Hops, H., & Wright, S. F. (1992). Sequential analysis of chronic pain behavior and spouse responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 777–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, J. M., Turner, J. A., Friedman, L. S., Bulcroft, R. A., Jensen, M. P., Hops, H., & Wright, S. F. (1995). Chronic pain patient-spouse behavioural interactions predict patient disability. Pain, 63, 353–360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983). The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain, 17, 33–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, L., & Edhe, D. M. (2000). Couples and chronic pain. In K. B. Schmaling & T. Goldman Sher (Eds.), The psychology of couples and illness. (pp. 191–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, L., Slater, M. S., & Birchler, G. R. (1994). Interpersonal stress and pain behaviors in patients with chronic pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 861–864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. A., & Friedemann, M.-L. (1999). Perceived family dynamics of persons with chronic pain. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30, 543–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J. L., Thorn, B., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Keefe, F. J., Martin, M., Bradley, L., & Lefebrve, J. C. (2001). Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 17, 52–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.

  • Turk, D. C., & Gatchel, R. J. (2002). Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner's handbook (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Medical Care, 30, 473–483.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A. CdeC., & Richardson, P. H. (1993). What does the BDI measure in chronic pain? Pain, 55, 259–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Toby R. Newton-John.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Newton-John, T.R. The Family Impact of Pain Scale: Preliminary Validation. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 12, 349–358 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-005-7821-1

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-005-7821-1

Key Words

Navigation