Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPY) thin films with different PPY monomer to ammonium peroxidisulphate (APS) oxidant molar ratios have been synthesized using simple and inexpensive chemical oxidative polymerization method. An interrelation between the monomer to oxidant molar ratio, morphology and supercapacitive performance of PPY thin films is studied. Initial polymerization conditions strongly affect the morphology and electrical properties of PPY thin films. Thermo-gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric curves show the thermal stability of PPY up to 483 K. The supercapacitive performance of PPY films is studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. In the present work, PPY films deposited with 0.1:0.2 monomer to oxidant molar ratio (pyrrole:APS) show maximum specific capacitance of 754 F g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte at the scan rate 5 mV s−1 in potential window of −0.4 to +0.6 V/SCE.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.H. Park, J.M. Ko, O.O. Park, D.W. Kim, J. Power Sources 105, 20 (2002)
Q. Wang, Q. Cao, X. Wang, B. Jing, H. Kuang, L. Zhou, J. Power Sources 225, 101 (2013)
A. Burke, J. Power Sources 91, 37 (2000)
B. Kumar, B.K. Kaushik, Y.S. Negi, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 25, 1 (2014)
M. Mastragostino, C. Arbizzani, F. Soavi, Solid State Ionics 148, 493 (2002)
J.W. Seo, J.T. Jang, S.W. Park, C.J. Kim, B.W. Park, J.W. Cheon, Adv. Mater. 20, 4269 (2008)
M.V. Reddy, T. Yu, C.H. Sow, Z.X. Shen, C.T. Lim, G.V.S. Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari, Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 2792 (2007)
M.S. Park, G.X. Wang, Y.M. Kang, D. Wexler, S.X. Dou, H.K. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 750 (2007)
M.S. Park, Y.M. Kang, G.X. Wang, S.X. Dou, H.K. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 455 (2008)
C. Kim, K.S. Yang, M. Kojima, K. Yoshida, Y.J. Kim, Y.A. Kim, M. Endo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16, 2393 (2006)
X.W. Lou, D. Deng, J.Y. Lee, J. Feng, L.A. Archer, Adv. Mater. 20, 258 (2008)
D.V. Brezoi, J Sci Arts 12, 53 (2010)
D.P. Dubal, S.V. Patil, W.B. Kim, C.D. Lokhande, Mater. Lett. 65, 2628 (2011)
A.R. Rai, A.P. Jun, W.P. Ouajai, S. Ouajai, J Miner Mel Mats 18, 27 (2008)
D.P. Dubal, S.V. Patil, A.D. Jagadale, C.D. Lokhande, J. Alloy. Compd. 509, 8183 (2011)
C.D. Lokhande, A.M. More, J.L. Gunjakar, J Alloys Compd 486, 570 (2009)
K. Ariga, Y. Yamauchi, G. Rydzek, Q. Ji, Y. Yonamine, K.C.W. Wu, J.P. Hill, Chem. Lett. 43, 36 (2014)
W. Suna, R. Zhenga, X. Chena, J. Power Sources 195, 7120 (2010)
J.J. Cai, L.B. Kong, J. Zhang, Y.C. Luo, L. Kang, Chin. Chem. Lett. 21, 1509 (2010)
H. Yu, J. Wu, L. Fan, K. Xu, X. Zhong, Y. Lin, J. Lin, Electrochim. Acta 56, 6881 (2011)
J.C. Scott, P. Pfluger, M.T. Krounbi, G.B. Street, Phys Rev B 28, 2140 (1983)
P. Ghosh, S.B. Kar, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91, 3737 (2004)
N.V. Blinova, J. Stejskal, M. Trchova, J. Prokes, M. Omastova, Eur Polym J 43, 2331 (2007)
C. Zhou, J. Han, R. Guo, Macromolecules 41, 6473 (2008)
Y. Li, P. Sonar, L. Murphy, W. Hong, Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1684 (2013)
K.J. Edler, B. Yang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3765 (2013)
K.P. Kamloth, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 32, 121 (2002)
S. Sadki, P. Schottland, N. Brodie, G. Sabouraud, Chem. Soc. Rev. 29, 283 (2000)
F.E. Chen, G.Q. Shi, M.X. Fu, L.T. Qu, X.Y. Hong, Synth. Met. 132, 125 (2003)
J. Arjomandi, A.A. Shah, S. Bilal, H.V. Hoang, R. Holze, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 78, 1 (2011)
Y.F. Chen, J. Liu, H.J. Yao, D. Mo, J.L. Duan, M.D. Hou, Y.M. Sun, L. Zhang, K. Maaz, Phys. B 405, 2461 (2010)
M.J.L. Santos, A.G. Brolo, E.M. Girotto, Electrochim. Acta 52, 6141 (2007)
I. Rodrı′guez, B.R. Scharifker, J. Mostany, J. Electroanal. Chem. 491, 117 (2000)
M. Amaike, H. Yamamoto, Polym. J. 38, 703 (2006)
S. Bhadra, D. Khastgir, N.K. Singha, J.H. Lee, Prog. Polym. Sci. 34, 783 (2009)
N.T.L. Hien, B. Garcia, A. Pailleret, C. Deslouisc, Electrochim. Acta 50, 1747 (2005)
D.P. Dubal, V.J. Fulari, C.D. Lokhande, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 151, 511 (2012)
M. Wan, W. Wai, Z. Zhang, L. Zhang, K. Huang, Y. Yang, Synth. Met. 175, 135 (2003)
M. Omastova, M. Trchova, J. Kovářová, J. Stejskal, Synth. Met. 138, 447 (2003)
C.L. Raju, J.L. Rao, B.C.V. Reddy, K.V. Brahmam, Bull. Mater. Sci. 30, 215 (2007)
V.G. Parale, D.B. Mahadik, S.A. Mahadik, M.S. Kavale, A. Venkateswara Rao, P.B. Wagh, J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 63, 573 (2012)
C. He, C. Yang, Y. Li, Synth. Met. 139, 539 (2003)
V.S. Sangawar, N.A. Moharil, Chem Sci Trans 1, 447 (2012)
D.P. Dubal, S.H. Lee, J.G. Kim, W.B. Kim, C.D. Lokhande, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 3044 (2012)
F. Jiang, T. Zhou, S. Tan, Y. Zhu, Y. Liu, D. Yuan, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 4, 1541 (2009)
S. Chen, W. Xing, J. Duan, X. Huc, S.Z. Qiao, J Mater Chem A 1, 2941 (2013)
B.C. Kim, C.O. Too, J.S. Kwon, J.M. Ko, G.G. Wallace, Synth. Met. 161, 1130 (2011)
A.M.P. Hussain, A. Kumar, J. Power Sources 161, 1486 (2006)
S.O.A. Shahryar, J.A. Szpunar, J Biomed Mater Res A 89, 1049 (2009)
B. Muthulakshmi, D. Kalpana, S. Pitchumani, N.G. Renganathan, J. Power Sources 158, 1533 (2006)
Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to the University Grant Commission (UGC), New Delhi (INDIA) through DSA-I program and to Department of Science and Technology for financial supports through DST-PURSE scheme and FIST programs.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Patil, B.H., Bulakhe, R.N. & Lokhande, C.D. Supercapacitive performance of chemically synthesized polypyrrole thin films: effect of monomer to oxidant ratio. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 25, 2188–2198 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-1858-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-1858-6