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Evaluation of the effect of commercially available plant and animal protein sources in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): digestive and metabolic investigations

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Abstract

The present study investigated the effect of various alternative diet ingredients partially replacing fishmeal (FM) on digestive and metabolic parameters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts (initial body mass 305 ± 69 g) following 12 weeks of feeding. Experimental diets containing 20 % extracted sunflower (ESF), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soy protein concentrate (SPC), feather meal (FeM) and poultry by-product (PBY) were compared to a reference diet containing FM as the main protein source. For the different intestinal compartments trypsin, lipase, bile salts, dry matter and chyme-associated leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were measured from the content and LAP was measured in the tissue. Selected metabolites were measured in plasma samples. In general, use of plant proteins resulted in low C-LAP activity, low plasma cholesterol and high plasma magnesium. The plasma levels of cholesterol and Mg reflecting were most likely reflections of the composition of the diet, while the LAP activity in chyme may indicate lower epithelial cell turnover. Other responses varied depending on the plant protein source. Results from the animal protein substitution also varied both between diets and compartments; however, both materials increased lipase activity in DI. FeM resulted in a significant increase in both total and specific LAP activities suggesting an attempt to increase the digestive capacity in response to low digestibility of the diet while PBY showed very little difference from the FM-fed control fish. The present trial indicates that 20 % PPC, SPC and PBY can partially replace FM in diets for Atlantic salmon. The qualities of ESF and FeM used in this trial show little promise as FM replacement at 20 % inclusion level.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the technical staff at EWOS Innovation research institute in Dirdal, Norway, for their help in fish management and care and Ellen Hage (NMBU) for skillful sample preparation, analyses of trypsin, lipase and LAP activities, and chyme DM and element content. The present study was funded by Norwegian Research Council project no. 187264/S40.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EWOS Innovation, 4335, Dirdal, Norway

    Mali Hartviksen & José G. Vecino

  2. Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fisheries Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

    Mali Hartviksen & Einar Ringø

  3. Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway

    Anne Marie Bakke & Åshild Krogdahl

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  1. Mali Hartviksen
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  2. Anne Marie Bakke
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Correspondence to Mali Hartviksen.

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Hartviksen, M., Bakke, A.M., Vecino, J.G. et al. Evaluation of the effect of commercially available plant and animal protein sources in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): digestive and metabolic investigations. Fish Physiol Biochem 40, 1621–1637 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9953-4

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