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Increased tree growth following long-term optimised fertiliser application indirectly alters soil properties in a boreal forest

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Abstract

It is well established that nutrient addition influences ecosystem features such as productivity, carbon storage, soil acidification and biodiversity. Less studied are long-term effects of sustained fertiliser application on forest soil characteristics and nutrient supplies, and especially direct and indirect mechanisms underlying changes. We investigated effects of 3 decades versus 1 decade of optimised fertiliser application on soil properties and nutrient supplies in a 30-year-old nutrient optimisation experiment in a Norway spruce plantation in northern Sweden. We tested for direct and indirect effects of fertiliser use through structural equation models and correlations among tree and soil variables. Results showed that soil characteristics, especially organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, were significantly affected by 10- and 30-year fertiliser application. Soil C/N was similar for the short-term versus controls, but decreased for the long-term versus short-term treatment. Although not explicitly measured, it was clear from our analyses and earlier studies at the site that litter accumulation played a key role in explaining these changes in soil properties, while foliar stoichiometry data suggest long-term effects of litter quality. Nutrient supply rates increased more after 30 than 10 years of fertiliser application. Summarized, we showed that the interplay of direct and indirect effects can yield nonlinear patterns over time, as exemplified by soil C/N. Furthermore, we conclude that lagged, indirect effects of fertilisation through altered litter quantity and quality dominate changes in soil characteristics in this forest. These soil characteristics have further relevance to nutrient availability, suggesting that nutrient optimisation can influence soil fertility also indirectly.

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Code and data availability

Data sets and an R script with statistical analyses are available at https://github.com/KevinVanSundert/Flakaliden_EUFR_2020_KVS.

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Funding

The experimental forests are part of the Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Science (SITES), sponsored by the Swedish Science Foundation (VR). The study was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research—Flanders (FWO aspirant grant to KVS; FWO research grant to SV), and by the European Research Council grant ERC-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P. We also acknowledge support from the ClimMani COST Action (ES1308).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Biology Department, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium

    Kevin Van Sundert & Sara Vicca

  2. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden

    Sune Linder

  3. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    John D. Marshall

  4. Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    Annika Nordin

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  1. Kevin Van Sundert
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SV and KVS planned the study and performed the field and laboratory work. KVS analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the discussions and the writing of the manuscript.

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Van Sundert, K., Linder, S., Marshall, J.D. et al. Increased tree growth following long-term optimised fertiliser application indirectly alters soil properties in a boreal forest. Eur J Forest Res 140, 241–254 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01327-y

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