Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment has been proven efficient in immobilizing phosphorus and other macronutrients from animal waste; however, there are still gaps in understanding the best end-use applications for nutrient-dense biochars. In this research, aqueous phase phosphorus availability (P aq) of biochars produced at various temperatures and residence times was determined in pH 5.5 citric acid for 8 weeks. Further, P aq of commercially available composted manure and fertilizers was also determined for comparison. P aq was found to plateau after 4 weeks in aqueous phase. Hydrothermal treatment temperature and residence time were found to improve nutrient immobilization efficiency, while conversely lowering P aq. Comparing to commercially available fertilizers, biochars produced from hydrothermal treatment are low in P aq, despite high P2O5% found in the solids. A preliminary process study evaluating energy consumption and CO2 emissions associated with recycled P2O5 recovered from the process operating at 200 °C was conducted, indicating CO2 emissions with respect to soluble phosphorus are significantly higher in comparison with commercial phosphatic fertilizers. Further recommendations regarding life cycle analysis of the phosphorus supply chain are also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BC:
-
Biochar
- CF:
-
Commercial fertilizer
- DAP:
-
Diammonium phosphate
- EC:
-
Product energy consumption
- EPA:
-
US Environmental Protection Agency
- ES:
-
Exported steam product energy consumption
- FM:
-
Fresh manure
- FO:
-
Fuel oil product energy consumption
- IC:
-
Ion chromatography
- ICP-OES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
- IS:
-
Imported steam product energy consumption
- MAP:
-
Monoammonium phosphate
- NG:
-
Natural gas product energy consumption
- Nimm :
-
Nutrient immobilization
- P aq :
-
Phosphorus availability
- PFD:
-
Process flow diagram
- PO4 3−%:
-
Phosphate percentage
- TSP:
-
Triple superphosphate
References
Acelas NY, López DP, Brilman DWF, Kersten SRA, Kootstra AMJ (2014) Supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge: gas production and phosphorus recovery. Biores Technol 174:167–175. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.003
Amstutz V, Katsaounis A, Kapalka A, Comninellis C, Udert KM (2012) Effects of carbonate on the electrolytic removal of ammonia and urea from urine with thermally prepared IrO2 electrodes. J Appl Electrochem 42:787–795. doi:10.1007/s10800-012-0444-y
Bhat MG, English BC, Turhollow AF, Nyangito HO (1994) Energy in synthetic fertilizers and pesticides: revisited
Bicudo JR, Goyal SM (2003) Pathogens and manure management systems: a review. Environ Technol 24:115–130. doi:10.1080/09593330309385542
Cao X, Harris W (2010) Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Biores Technol 101:5222–5228. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.052
Dai L et al (2015) Immobilization of phosphorus in cow manure during hydrothermal carbonization. J Environ Manag 157:49–53. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.04.009
DUJS (2012) Eutrophication in the Gulf of Mexico: how midwestern farming practices are creating a ‘Dead Zone’. http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/2012/03/eutrophication-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-how-midwestern-farming-practices-are-creating-a-%E2%80%98dead-zone%E2%80%99/#.WdeGz1tSyUk. Accessed Oct 6th 2017
Ekpo U, Ross AB, Camargo-Valero MA, Fletcher LA (2016) Influence of pH on hydrothermal treatment of swine manure: impact on extraction of nitrogen and phosphorus in process water. Biores Technol 214:637–644. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.012
EPA (1993) Phosphoric acid and phosphatic fertilizers: a profile. Research Triangle Park, Durham
EPA (2004) Indirect emissions from purchases/sales of electricity and steam
EPA (2016a) Estimated animal agriculture nitrogen and phoshorus from manure. https://www.epa.gov/nutrient-policy-data/estimated-animal-agriculture-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-manure. Accessed Jan 3rd 2017 2017
EPA (2016b) Greenhouse gas equivalencies calculator. https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator. Accessed May 7th 2017
EPA (2016c) National enforcement initiative: preventing animal waste from contaminating surface and ground water. https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-initiative-preventing-animal-waste-contaminating-surface-and-ground. Accessed Jan 3rd 2017
Hägglund SE (1960) Vatkolning av Torv AB. Technical report. Svensk Torvförädling, Lund, Sweden
He BJ, Zhang Y, Funk TL, Riskowski GL, Yin Y (2000) Thermochemical conversion of swine manure: an alternative process for waste treatment and renewable energy production. Trans ASAE. doi:10.13031/2013.3087
Heckenmüller M, Narita D, Klepper G (2014) Global availability of phosphorus and its implications for global food supply: an economic overview. Kiel Working Paper
Heilmann SM et al (2014) Phosphorus reclamation through hydrothermal carbonization of animal manures. Environ Sci Technol 48:10323–10329. doi:10.1021/es501872k
Helsel ZR (1992) Energy and alternatives for fertilizer and pesticide use. Energy in Farm Prod 6:177–201
Ichihashi O, Hirooka K (2012) Removal and recovery of phosphorus as struvite from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cell. Biores Technol 114:303–307. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.124
Ikematsu M, Kaneda K, Iseki M, Matsuura H, Yasuda M (2006) Electrolytic treatment of human urine to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Chem Lett 35:576–577
Jasinski SM (2017) Phosphate rock. mineral commodity summaries 2017
Karakashev D, Schmidt JE, Angelidaki I (2008) Innovative process scheme for removal of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen from pig manure. Water Res 42:4083–4090. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.021
Kelly PT, He Z (2014) Nutrients removal and recovery in bioelectrochemical systems: a review. Biores Technol 153:351–360. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.046
Liang Y, Cao X, Zhao L, Xu X, Harris W (2014) Phosphorus release from dairy manure, the manure-derived biochar, and their amended soil: effects of phosphorus nature and soil property. J Environ Qual 43:1504–1509
Mensinger MC (1980) In: Proceeedings peat as an energy alternative wet carbonization of peat: state-of-the-art review. IGT, Chicago, Symposium, pp. 249–280
NOAA (2017) Gulf of Mexico ‘dead zone’ is the largest ever measured. http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/gulf-of-mexico-dead-zone-is-largest-ever-measured. Accessed Oct 6th 2017
Rico C, García H, Rico JL (2011) Physical–anaerobic–chemical process for treatment of dairy cattle manure. Biores Technol 102:2143–2150. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.068
Ro KS, Cantrell K, Elliott D, Hunt PG (2007) Catalytic wet gasification of municipal and animal wastes. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:8839–8845. doi:10.1021/ie061403w
Stemann J, Erlach B, Ziegler F (2013) Hydrothermal Carbonisation of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches: laboratory Trials. Plant Simul Carbon Avoid Econ Feasibility Waste and Biomass Valoriz 4:441–454. doi:10.1007/s12649-012-9190-y
Szogi AA, Vanotti MB (2009) Prospects for phosphorus recovery from poultry litter. Biores Technol 100:5461–5465. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.071
Theegala CS, Midgett JS (2012) Hydrothermal liquefaction of separated dairy manure for production of bio-oils with simultaneous waste treatment. Biores Technol 107:456–463. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.061
Toufiq Reza M, Freitas A, Yang X, Hiibel S, Lin H, Coronella CJ (2016) Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of cow manure: carbon and nitrogen distributions in HTC products. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 35:1002–1011. doi:10.1002/ep.12312
Tushar MSHK, Dutta A, Xu C (2016) Catalytic supercritical gasification of biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction of cattle manure. Appl Catal B 189:119–132. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.02.032
USDA (2016) Fertilizer use and price. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price/. Accessed May 11th 2017
USGS (2017) Phosphate rock statistics and information. https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/. Accessed May 11th 2017
Wood S, Cowie A (2004) A review of greenhouse gas emission factors for fertiliser production
Xiu S, Shahbazi A, Shirley V, Cheng D (2010) Hydrothermal pyrolysis of swine manure to bio-oil: effects of operating parameters on products yield and characterization of bio-oil. J Anal Appl Pyrol 88:73–79. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2010.02.011
Yilmazel YD, Demirer GN (2013) Nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from anaerobic co-digestion residues of poultry manure and maize silage via struvite precipitation. Waste Manag Res 31:792–804. doi:10.1177/0734242X13492005
Yin S, Dolan R, Harris M, Tan Z (2010) Subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of cattle manure to bio-oil: effects of conversion parameters on bio-oil yield and characterization of bio-oil. Biores Technol 101:3657–3664. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.058
Zayas G (2016) Fact sheet: addressing water quality through nutrient management. http://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-addressing-water-quality-through-nutrient-management. Accessed Oct 6th 2017
Acknowledgement
This research is supported by an R&D grant through the Ohio Water Development Authority. The authors would like to thank Ohio State University Krauss Dairy’s facility for providing dairy cattle manures for this study. In addition, Ms. Nikita Khozin is recognized for her efforts in conducting experimental tests to support the publication. Finally, the authors thank Dr. M. Toufiq Reza and Dr. Dora E. López for their input regarding experimental procedures and process modeling.
Funding
The authors would like to thank Ohio Water Development Authority for the financial support of this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fan, W., Bryant, L., Srisupan, M. et al. An assessment of hydrothermal treatment of dairy waste as a tool for a sustainable phosphorus supply chain in comparison with commercial phosphatic fertilizers. Clean Techn Environ Policy 20, 1467–1478 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1440-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1440-z